BBA 408 Management of Industrial Relations Notes cover all four units of the GGSIPU BBA Semester 8 paper in 68 pages: trade unions, collective bargaining, wage and social security laws, and dispute settlement. They carry 88 unit-end exam questions, 4 solved illustrations, 3 practice problems with answers and 5 case studies, written for the w.e.f. 2024-25 BBA scheme.
Written and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola, Academic Head, M.Ed., 7 years of experience · Checked against the GGSIPU BBA Scheme & Syllabus (NEP based, revised, w.e.f. 2024-25) · Updated 14 October 2026 · Editorial policy
Scheme: NEP-based revised BBA scheme, w.e.f. 2024-25 | Applies to: academic session 2024-2025 onwards | Verified against: BBAwef2024_25_200125.pdf (ipu.ac.in)
BBA 408 Management of Industrial Relations at a glance: GGSIPU BBA Sem 8 credits, units and exam pattern
BBA 408 is an HR elective, with BBA 406 and BBA 410, among the GGSIPU BBA Semester 8 papers.
| Course and semester | BBA (Hons.), Semester 8 |
|---|---|
| Category | Discipline Specific Course / Major (HR specialisation elective) |
| Credits and hours | 4 credits · L-4, T-0 · 15 hours per unit |
| Marks | 100: 40 internal + 60 end-term |
| Internal (40) | Class test 15 + activities 25 |
| End-term pattern | Paper-setter instructions not printed officially |
| Pass rule | Not stated in the BBA scheme; see GGSIPU Ordinance 11 |
| Applies to | Session 2024-25 onwards |
| Units · paired lab | 4 official units · no lab |
All four BBA 408 units get 15 teaching hours, yet Units 3 and 4 run longest in the notes (18 pages each) as they set old Acts beside the Labour Codes.
BBA 408 Management of Industrial Relations Notes unit-wise: 88 exam questions, 5 case studies and 4 solved illustrations across 4 units
These BBA 408 Management of Industrial Relations IPU notes run from page 5 to 68, with "Old Law vs New Law" boxes and a one-page revision per unit.
Other papers of the course are under GGSIPU BBA notes.
BBA 408 Unit 1: Introduction to Industrial Relations and Trade Unions
Pages 5 to 18, 10 sections: definitions, actors and a timeline from the 1881 Factories Act to the Labour Codes of 21 November 2025; unitary, pluralist, Marxist and Dunlop views; nine approaches including V.V. Giri's; gig work and automation; trade unions under the IR Code, 2020. 10 short-answer and 10 long-answer questions.
| Rule | What the Code says |
|---|---|
| Outsider office-bearers | Not more than one-third or five, whichever is less |
| Sole negotiating union | Backed by 51% or more of workers on the muster roll |
| Negotiating council | If no union has 51%: unions with 20%+, one seat per 20% |
| Recognition validity | 3 years, extendable to 5 by agreement |
Quick look: trade union rules under the IR Code, 2020 (from page 16)
- Rule
- Outsider office-bearers
- What the Code says
- Not more than one-third or five, whichever is less
- Rule
- Sole negotiating union
- What the Code says
- Backed by 51% or more of workers on the muster roll
- Rule
- Negotiating council
- What the Code says
- If no union has 51%: unions with 20%+, one seat per 20%
- Rule
- Recognition validity
- What the Code says
- 3 years, extendable to 5 by agreement
BBA 408 Unit 2: Collective Bargaining and Labour-Management Relations
Pages 19 to 32, 10 sections: the six-step bargaining process, its legal base (Art. 19(1)(c), Art. 43A, IR Code settlements), levels from Maruti Suzuki to the 12th banking Bipartite Settlement (2024), BATNA and anchoring, the post-1991 shift, tripartism, social dialogue and bipartism. 10 short-answer and 10 long-answer questions, 1 solved illustration.
Quick look: finding the ZOPA in a wage deal (from page 25)
- Union asks 20%, accepts no less than 10%.
- Management offers 6%, can go to 13%.
- The overlap, 10% to 13%, is the ZOPA; 12% fits inside it.
- With a 9% ceiling there is no ZOPA, and the dispute may go to conciliation.
BBA 408 Unit 3: Employment Contracts, Wage Systems, and Social Security
Pages 33 to 50, 16 sections: an Acts-to-Codes map, employment contracts, Standing Orders (now 300+ workers), contract labour (20 raised to 50, SAIL 2001), VRS, eight wage theories, wage and bonus law, ESI, compensation, gratuity and ILO conventions. 11 short-answer and 11 long-answer questions, 3 solved illustrations, 3 practice problems.
Quick look: gratuity for 18 years 7 months of service (from page 47)
- Last basic + DA: ₹39,000 a month.
- Over 6 months in the last year counts: 19 years.
- ₹39,000 × 15/26 × 19 = ₹4,27,500, under the ₹20 lakh ceiling.
BBA 408 Unit 4: Dispute Resolution, Employee Participation, and Future of IR
Pages 51 to 68, 18 sections: seven kinds of strike, the 1947 dispute machinery against the IR Code (Labour Courts merged into Tribunals), unfair labour practices, both National Commissions on Labour, six forms of participation, five case studies from Tata Steel to Volkswagen, grievance and discipline, the ILO and OECD Guidelines. 12 short-answer and 14 long-answer questions.
Quick look: model grievance procedure, 1958 (from page 61)
- Supervisor replies within 48 hours.
- Head of Department within 3 days.
- Grievance Committee within 7 days.
- Top management within 7 days, then voluntary arbitration.
Walton and McKersie's four types of negotiation in labour bargaining: excerpt from page 24 of the BBA 408 notes
Excerpt from page 24
What negotiation means in IR
Negotiation is a process in which two or more parties with different interests talk until they reach an agreement each of them can accept. In industrial relations it is the core activity of collective bargaining: the charter of demands only becomes a settlement through negotiation.
The four sub-processes
Richard Walton and Robert McKersie, in A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations (1965), said that every labour negotiation is really four processes running together.
| Type | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Distributive bargaining | "Fixed pie", win-lose: what one side gains, the other loses | A wage rise, where every rupee to workers is a cost to management |
| Integrative bargaining | "Expanding pie", win-win: joint problem-solving to raise total benefits | A productivity-linked incentive, or training in exchange for flexibility |
| Attitudinal structuring | Building trust, respect and cooperation between the parties | Informal meetings and open sharing of data |
| Intra-organisational bargaining | Each side negotiates internally to match members' hopes with what is possible | Union leaders persuading members to accept 12% instead of the 20% demanded |
Walton and McKersie's four sub-processes of labour negotiation (page 24)
- Type
- Distributive bargaining
- Meaning
- "Fixed pie", win-lose: what one side gains, the other loses
- Example
- A wage rise, where every rupee to workers is a cost to management
- Type
- Integrative bargaining
- Meaning
- "Expanding pie", win-win: joint problem-solving to raise total benefits
- Example
- A productivity-linked incentive, or training in exchange for flexibility
- Type
- Attitudinal structuring
- Meaning
- Building trust, respect and cooperation between the parties
- Example
- Informal meetings and open sharing of data
- Type
- Intra-organisational bargaining
- Meaning
- Each side negotiates internally to match members' hopes with what is possible
- Example
- Union leaders persuading members to accept 12% instead of the 20% demanded
Other types of negotiation
- Concessionary bargaining: the union accepts cuts in pay or benefits to save jobs, common in a recession.
- Productivity bargaining: wage rises are tied to measured gains in productivity.
- Composite bargaining: covers non-wage issues such as work norms, technology and staffing.
- Coalition bargaining: several unions bargain jointly with one employer.
- Pattern bargaining: a settlement in one firm becomes the model for others in the industry.
- Boulwarism: management makes one "final" offer and refuses to move. It is named after Lemuel Boulware of General Electric and is usually seen as bad-faith bargaining.
In an answer, distributive and integrative bargaining form the main contrast, while the other two sub-processes explain why talks succeed or stall on each side of the table.
BBA 408 exam corner: 43 short-answer and 45 long-answer questions by unit
Each BBA 408 unit ends with printed short-answer (2-5 marks) and long-answer (10-15 marks) practice lists.
| Unit | Short (2-5 Marks) | Long (10-15 Marks) | Worked material |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1: IR and trade unions | 10 | 10 | None |
| 2: Collective bargaining | 10 | 10 | 1 illustration |
| 3: Contracts, wages, security | 11 | 11 | 3 illustrations, 3 problems |
| 4: Disputes and participation | 12 | 14 | 5 case studies |
BBA 408 exam questions and worked material per unit
- Unit
- 1: IR and trade unions
- Short (2-5 Marks)
- 10
- Long (10-15 Marks)
- 10
- Worked material
- None
- Unit
- 2: Collective bargaining
- Short (2-5 Marks)
- 10
- Long (10-15 Marks)
- 10
- Worked material
- 1 illustration
- Unit
- 3: Contracts, wages, security
- Short (2-5 Marks)
- 11
- Long (10-15 Marks)
- 11
- Worked material
- 3 illustrations, 3 problems
- Unit
- 4: Disputes and participation
- Short (2-5 Marks)
- 12
- Long (10-15 Marks)
- 14
- Worked material
- 5 case studies
- Unit 1: Name any four central trade union organisations in India. Pick from AITUC (1920), INTUC (1947), HMS (1948), BMS (1955) and CITU (1970).
- Unit 2: Define tripartism. Name two tripartite bodies in India. Government, employers and workers in dialogue; the Indian Labour Conference and Standing Labour Committee.
- Unit 3: Distinguish between contract of service and contract for service. Control test: an employee is controlled on how work is done and paid wages; a contractor only on the result, for fees.
- Unit 4: Distinguish between strike and lockout. A strike is workers' concerted refusal to work (under the IR Code, mass casual leave by 50% or more counts); a lockout is the employer shutting work.
The BBA 408 notes list 43 short-answer and 45 long-answer questions across 4 units, plus 4 solved illustrations, 3 practice problems with answers and 5 case studies.
More practice sits in the BBA 408 important questions.
Who writes and checks the BBA 408 Industrial Relations notes?
- Sheetal Kirola: author and reviewer of these notes · Academic Head, Unnati Educations · M.Ed. · 7 years of experience · Sheetal Kirola's profile
The GGSIPU BBA Sem 8 Management of Industrial Relations notes are mapped unit by unit to the NEP-based revised scheme, w.e.f. 2024-25. The 2026-27 edition pairs each old Act with its Labour Code and adds the 2024 banking Bipartite Settlement. Last updated 14 October 2026; see our editorial policy.
The same team prepares GGSIPU important questions.
Do the BBA 408 notes cover the full GGSIPU syllabus?
Yes. Every topic printed for the four BBA 408 units has a matching section in the notes. The syllabus names the "Shops and Establishments Act, 1953"; the notes treat it as a State law, with the Delhi (1954) and Maharashtra (2017) Acts as examples.
| Official unit | Official topics | Where in the notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit I | IR definition and history, theories, approaches, environment, globalization and automation, trade unions and legal framework | Sections 1 to 10, pages 5 to 17 | Covered |
| Unit II | Collective bargaining, levels, agreements, negotiating techniques, tripartism, social dialogue, bipartism | Sections 1 to 10, pages 19 to 31 | Covered |
| Unit III | Employment contracts and laws, VRS, wage theories and Acts, Factories, Compensation and ESI Acts, ILO conventions | Sections 1 to 16, pages 33 to 49 | Covered (Shops Act as State laws) |
| Unit IV | Industrial conflicts, Industrial Dispute Act, unfair labour practices, participation, grievance, discipline, ILO, OECD guidelines | Sections 1 to 18, pages 51 to 67 | Covered |
BBA 408 official syllabus topics mapped to the notes
- Official unit
- Unit I
- Official topics
- IR definition and history, theories, approaches, environment, globalization and automation, trade unions and legal framework
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1 to 10, pages 5 to 17
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit II
- Official topics
- Collective bargaining, levels, agreements, negotiating techniques, tripartism, social dialogue, bipartism
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1 to 10, pages 19 to 31
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit III
- Official topics
- Employment contracts and laws, VRS, wage theories and Acts, Factories, Compensation and ESI Acts, ILO conventions
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1 to 16, pages 33 to 49
- Status
- Covered (Shops Act as State laws)
- Official unit
- Unit IV
- Official topics
- Industrial conflicts, Industrial Dispute Act, unfair labour practices, participation, grievance, discipline, ILO, OECD guidelines
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1 to 18, pages 51 to 67
- Status
- Covered
Official source: GGSIPU BBA Scheme & Syllabus (NEP based, revised, w.e.f. 2024-25); BBA 408 is on printed pages 204 and 205.
Papers in GGSIPU notes are checked against their official PDFs the same way.
How to write BBA 408 answers: Act-plus-Code points, case-backed long answers and step-wise bonus sums
BBA 408 is a law-heavy paper, so examiners look for the right name of the law, a clear structure and an Indian example.
Name both laws. Since four Labour Codes replaced 29 central Acts, write both, for example "Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (now subsumed in IR Code, 2020)", and quote the changed figure: Standing Orders from 100 to 300 workers, contract labour from 20 to 50.
Open with a definition. Each unit's "Standard Definitions (Write in Exam)" box gives one: Dale Yoder for IR, the Webbs for trade unions, Keith Davis for participation.
Use heads and Indian cases. For globalisation, automation and digitalisation, write three heads with 3-4 effects each, citing IT layoffs, Zomato and Swiggy gig workers and the e-Shram portal, then close with reskilling and social security suggestions.
Show both sides and conclude. On social dialogue, note that the ILC has not met since 2015. End the road-ahead answer on flexicurity built on social dialogue, and back Unit 4 answers with the Tata Steel or Maruti case.
Worked example: bonus (page 43). Ram earns ₹18,000 a month, his minimum wage is ₹9,500 and bonus is 12%.
- Eligible: ₹18,000 is within the ₹21,000 ceiling and he worked over 30 days.
- Base: higher of ₹7,000 and ₹9,500, so ₹9,500 × 12 = ₹1,14,000.
- Bonus: ₹1,14,000 × 12% = ₹13,680.
- Check: between the 8.33% minimum (₹9,496) and 20% maximum (₹22,800), so payable.
Practise this format on GGSIPU BBA important questions.
BBA 408 and the GGSIPU BBA Sem 8 papers it connects to
BBA 408 has no lab; all papers are on the GGSIPU BBA syllabus page.
- BBA 406 Cross Cultural and Global Management: Unit 4's ILO standards and foreign-union lessons add the labour side.
- BBA 410 Human Resource Development - Strategies and Systems: builds on Unit 4's HRM strategies for IR.
- BBA 404 AI and ML in Business: links to Unit 1's algorithmic management.
- BBA 402 Research Ethics and Writing: the other fixed Semester 8 paper; no unit maps to it directly.
BBA 408 Industrial Relations notes FAQs
How do I get the full BBA 408 notes?
Message Unnati Educations on WhatsApp at 9899436384 with the code BBA 408. The full notes come as a printed book only; they are not sold as a PDF. Delivery takes a maximum of 5-7 days, and the exact time depends on your location. Price and payment details are shared on WhatsApp.
Is BBA 408 a compulsory paper in GGSIPU BBA Semester 8?
No. BBA 408 is a Major Elective in the Human Resource Management specialisation, listed with BBA 406 and BBA 410. Semester 8 of BBA (Hons.) has two fixed inter-disciplinary papers, BBA 402 and BBA 404, plus three major electives from the student's specialisation. Electives are offered at the college's discretion, so confirm with your college.
What are the passing marks for BBA 408?
BBA 408 is marked out of 100: 40 internal and 60 end-term. The BBA scheme of examination does not print a pass percentage for the paper, so no figure is given here. Rules on minimum end-term marks and re-appear are set out in GGSIPU Ordinance 11 on ipu.ac.in, so check the latest ordinance and your college notice before the exam.
How are the 40 internal marks in BBA 408 given?
Under the BBA scheme, the 40 internal marks for BBA 408 split into a compulsory written class test worth 15 marks and 25 marks from at least two activities, such as assignments, presentations, viva-voce, group discussion or class participation. Each institute keeps the records and sets its own rubrics, so the activities can differ between colleges.
Do the BBA 408 notes follow the new Labour Codes?
Yes. The BBA 408 notes treat the four Labour Codes as in force from 21 November 2025 and write each topic as the old Act plus the Code that replaced it, such as the Industrial Disputes Act beside the IR Code, 2020, and the Payment of Bonus Act beside the Code on Wages, 2019. Unit 3 opens with an Acts-to-Codes box.
Does BBA 408 have numerical questions?
A few. Unit 3 of the BBA 408 notes has three solved illustrations on bonus, employees' compensation and gratuity, plus three practice problems with answers on bonus, gratuity and permanent total disablement. Unit 2 adds a ZOPA illustration on wage bargaining. Each one is worked step by step; the rest of the paper is theory and law.
Get the full BBA 408 Management of Industrial Relations Notes on WhatsApp
The full BBA 408 Management of Industrial Relations Notes: a 68-page printed book.
| Part | Pages | Inside |
|---|---|---|
| Cover and index | 1 to 4 | Section-wise index |
| Unit 1 | 5 to 18 (14) | 10 sections, 20 questions |
| Unit 2 | 19 to 32 (14) | 10 sections, 20 questions, 1 illustration |
| Unit 3 | 33 to 50 (18) | 16 sections, 22 questions, 3 illustrations, 3 problems |
| Unit 4 | 51 to 68 (18) | 18 sections, 26 questions, 5 case studies |
Pages and content per unit in the full BBA 408 notes
- Part
- Cover and index
- Pages
- 1 to 4
- Inside
- Section-wise index
- Part
- Unit 1
- Pages
- 5 to 18 (14)
- Inside
- 10 sections, 20 questions
- Part
- Unit 2
- Pages
- 19 to 32 (14)
- Inside
- 10 sections, 20 questions, 1 illustration
- Part
- Unit 3
- Pages
- 33 to 50 (18)
- Inside
- 16 sections, 22 questions, 3 illustrations, 3 problems
- Part
- Unit 4
- Pages
- 51 to 68 (18)
- Inside
- 18 sections, 26 questions, 5 case studies
These Management of Industrial Relations notes in English come as a printed book only, not a PDF. Delivery: maximum 5-7 days, depending on your location.
Get the full BBA 408 notes book on WhatsApp (4 units, 68 pages)
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