BBA 428 Global Outsourcing Issues & Perspectives Notes are a 53-page printed book covering all 4 units of this GGSIPU BBA (Hons.) Semester 8 International Business elective: 40 topics, 31 company examples, 3 country case studies and 56 unit-wise exam questions, mapped to the revised BBA syllabus for the batch admitted 2024-25 onwards.
Written and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola, Academic Head, M.Ed., 7 years of experience · Checked against BBA Scheme & Syllabus (NEP based, revised) w.e.f. 2024-25 · Updated 13 October 2026 · Editorial policy
Scheme: NEP-based revised BBA scheme w.e.f. 2024-25 | Applies to: batch admitted 2024-25 onwards | Verified against: BBAwef2024_25_200125.pdf (ipu.ac.in)
BBA 428 Global Outsourcing Issues & Perspectives at a glance: GGSIPU BBA Sem 8 credits, units and exam pattern
| Code and title | BBA 428 · Global Outsourcing - Issues & Perspectives |
|---|---|
| Course and semester | BBA (Hons.), Semester 8 |
| Category | Discipline Specific Course / Major Elective, International Business |
| Credits and hours | 4 credits · L-4, T-0 · 60 hours (15 per unit) |
| Marks | 100: 40 internal + 60 end-term |
| Applies to | Batch admitted 2024-25 onwards |
| End-term pattern | Paper-setter instructions not printed in the official PDF |
| Paired lab | None |
BBA 428 shares the International Business basket with BBA 426 and BBA 430; colleges offer electives at their discretion. All core papers and baskets are under GGSIPU BBA Semester 8 papers.
BBA 428 Global Outsourcing Issues & Perspectives Notes unit-wise: 40 topics, 31 company examples and 3 country case studies across 4 units
Every syllabus topic is numbered (1.1 to 4.8), so you can tick them off against the IPU syllabus. Other course papers: GGSIPU BBA notes.
BBA 428 Unit 1: Introduction to Global Outsourcing
Pages 5 to 17 · 11 topics · 10 company examples · 14 exam questions.
Outsourcing as a "make or buy" decision, traced from the putting-out system and the 1989 Kodak-IBM deal to China+1. It covers ITO, BPO, KPO, LPO and RPO, ten drivers including labour arbitrage and core competence, and onshore, nearshore, offshore and hybrid models.
Quick look: the 2×2 sourcing matrix (from page 15)
| Ownership | Domestic | Foreign |
|---|---|---|
| Own company | In-house domestic operations | Captive offshoring (own subsidiary or GCC) |
| Third party | Onshore outsourcing | Offshore (global) outsourcing |
Quick look: who does the work vs where it is done (from page 15)
- Ownership
- Own company
- Domestic
- In-house domestic operations
- Foreign
- Captive offshoring (own subsidiary or GCC)
- Ownership
- Third party
- Domestic
- Onshore outsourcing
- Foreign
- Offshore (global) outsourcing
BBA 428 Unit 2: Benefits and Challenges of Global Outsourcing
Pages 18 to 28 · 9 topics · 8 company examples · 14 exam questions.
Benefits by stakeholder (client, vendor country, consumers) with the GE to Genpact story; challenges in eight categories. It then covers communication barriers ("yes" meaning "I heard you"), cultural gaps, legal and IP risk under GDPR, the DPDP Act 2023 and TRIPS, and ethics through Rana Plaza.
Quick look: deciding what to outsource (from page 21)
- List every activity in the value chain.
- Classify each as core, core-supporting or non-core.
- Rate its strategic importance and risk.
- Compare in-house cost and quality with vendor offers.
- Outsource non-core work; keep core and sensitive work in-house.
BBA 428 Unit 3: Global Outsourcing Destinations
Pages 29 to 42 · 12 topics · 7 company examples · 3 country case studies · 14 exam questions.
The longest unit: emerging destinations, the Kearney Global Services Location Index, six countries rated on cost, skills and infrastructure, and a factor-rating table. It covers unit labour cost, hedging, GATS Mode 1, STPI, the SEZ Act 2005 and PLI, then three country case studies.
Quick look: how the rupee moves vendor and client (from page 33)
| Situation | Effect on vendor | Effect on client |
|---|---|---|
| Rupee weakens against the dollar | More rupees per dollar; profits rise | Can negotiate lower prices |
| Rupee strengthens | Fewer rupees; margins squeezed | Vendor may ask for a price rise |
Quick look: currency fluctuations in outsourcing contracts (from page 33)
- Situation
- Rupee weakens against the dollar
- Effect on vendor
- More rupees per dollar; profits rise
- Effect on client
- Can negotiate lower prices
- Situation
- Rupee strengthens
- Effect on vendor
- Fewer rupees; margins squeezed
- Effect on client
- Vendor may ask for a price rise
BBA 428 Unit 4: Future of Global Outsourcing
Pages 43 to 53 · 8 topics · 6 company examples · 14 exam questions.
Twelve trends and an "old vs new outsourcing" table, then AI from chatbots to medical coding, RPA tools such as UiPath, smart outsourcing, 5G, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, the 5 Vs of Big Data, eight business models including SIAM and BOT, friend-shoring, H-1B limits, and CSR under Section 135.
Quick look: pricing models then and now (from page 48)
| Traditional | Emerging |
|---|---|
| Time and material (per hour or FTE) | Outcome-based or value-based |
| Fixed price per project | Subscription or pay-per-use |
| Cost-plus | Gain-sharing or risk-reward |
Quick look: how outsourcing contracts are priced (from page 48)
- Traditional
- Time and material (per hour or FTE)
- Emerging
- Outcome-based or value-based
- Traditional
- Fixed price per project
- Emerging
- Subscription or pay-per-use
- Traditional
- Cost-plus
- Emerging
- Gain-sharing or risk-reward
Time zones and the follow-the-sun model in global outsourcing: excerpt from page 24 of the BBA 428 notes
Excerpt from page 24
Time zone difference as an advantage: the "follow-the-sun" model
Definition: the follow-the-sun model is a global work arrangement in which work is handed over from one time zone to the next at the end of each working day, so that work continues 24 hours a day.
For example, a US team ends its day and passes the work to India. India hands it on to Europe, and Europe passes it back to the US. This shortens project duration and gives customers round-the-clock support, turning a common problem of offshore outsourcing into a selling point.
| Aspect | As a challenge | As an opportunity |
|---|---|---|
| Working hours | Little overlap | 24×7 operations |
| Speed | Delayed replies | Faster project completion |
| Support | Night shifts needed | Round-the-clock customer service |
Time zone difference: challenge and opportunity (notes page 24)
- Aspect
- Working hours
- As a challenge
- Little overlap
- As an opportunity
- 24×7 operations
- Aspect
- Speed
- As a challenge
- Delayed replies
- As an opportunity
- Faster project completion
- Aspect
- Support
- As a challenge
- Night shifts needed
- As an opportunity
- Round-the-clock customer service
Managing time zone issues
- Fixed overlap windows for daily meetings.
- Clear handover notes at the end of each shift.
- Asynchronous tools such as recorded videos, ticketing systems and shared documents.
- Shift rotation and welfare (transport, health benefits) for night-shift staff.
- Nearshore centres for work that needs real-time collaboration.
Exam tip from the notes: always present the time zone difference as both a challenge and an opportunity. The balanced view reads as a stronger answer than a list of problems alone.
2.7 Cultural challenges
Definition: culture is the shared set of values, beliefs, norms and behaviour patterns of a group. In outsourcing, differences in national and organisational culture affect how people communicate, work and make decisions.
The notes then apply Hofstede's cultural dimensions to client and vendor teams:
- Power distance (acceptance of hierarchy): staff from high power-distance cultures may not question the client or their seniors.
- Individualism vs collectivism (self vs group): individualist clients expect personal accountability, while collectivist teams share responsibility.
- Uncertainty avoidance (comfort with ambiguity): some cultures want detailed rules; others prefer flexibility.
The remaining three dimensions, and the ways to manage cultural gaps, continue on the next page of the notes.
BBA 428 exam corner: 28 short-answer and 28 long-answer questions by unit
Each unit ends with seven short-answer ("2–5 Marks") and seven long-answer ("10–12.5 Marks") exam-style questions, without exam-year tags.
| Unit | Short answer | Long answer | Company examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit I (page 17) | 7 | 7 | 10 |
| Unit II (page 28) | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| Unit III (pages 41-42) | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Unit IV (pages 52-53) | 7 | 7 | 6 |
BBA 428 exam questions in the notes, by unit
- Unit
- Unit I (page 17)
- Short answer
- 7
- Long answer
- 7
- Company examples
- 10
- Unit
- Unit II (page 28)
- Short answer
- 7
- Long answer
- 7
- Company examples
- 8
- Unit
- Unit III (pages 41-42)
- Short answer
- 7
- Long answer
- 7
- Company examples
- 7
- Unit
- Unit IV (pages 52-53)
- Short answer
- 7
- Long answer
- 7
- Company examples
- 6
The BBA 428 notes list 28 short-answer and 28 long-answer exam questions across 4 units, plus 31 company examples and 3 country case studies.
Answer pointers, one per unit:
- What is labour arbitrage? (Unit I) Wage gaps for the same skill across countries, net of hidden costs (page 11).
- What is meant by a "hollow corporation"? (Unit II) A firm that outsources a core activity by mistake and loses its own knowledge (page 21).
- What is the China+1 strategy? (Unit III) Keep China, add one more base such as India or Vietnam (page 40).
- Define friend-shoring and reshoring. (Unit IV) Work moved to friendly countries vs work brought home (page 49).
More practice sits in the BBA 428 important questions.
Who writes and checks the BBA 428 Global Outsourcing notes?
- Sheetal Kirola, writer and reviewer of these notes · Academic Head, Unnati Educations · M.Ed. · 7 years of experience · profile
These BBA 428 Global Outsourcing IPU notes follow the revised NEP-based BBA scheme (w.e.f. 2024-25). The 2026-27 edition cites the DPDP Act 2023, the EU AI Act and the OECD 15% global minimum tax. Last updated 13 October 2026. Read our editorial policy.
The same team prepares GGSIPU important questions for every course it covers.
Do the BBA 428 notes cover the full GGSIPU syllabus?
Yes. Every official BBA 428 topic in Units I to IV has its own numbered section in the notes; we found no gaps.
| Official unit | Official topics | Where in the notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit I: Introduction to Global Outsourcing | Definition and evolution, types, globalization, drivers, cost, expertise, core focus, skilled labour, political climate, outsourcing vs offshoring, onshore, nearshore, offshore | 1.1 to 1.11, pages 5-17 | Covered |
| Unit II: Benefits and Challenges of Global Outsourcing | Benefits, global talent, core competencies, challenges, communication, time zones, culture, legal, regulatory and IP risks, ethics | 2.1 to 2.9, pages 18-28 | Covered |
| Unit III: Global Outsourcing Destinations | Emerging destinations, comparative analysis, economic factors, labour, currency, tax, trade agreements, FDI, political and regulatory environment, incentives, India, China, Eastern Europe | 3.1 to 3.12, pages 29-42 | Covered |
| Unit IV: Future of Global Outsourcing | Trends, AI, RPA, smart outsourcing, 5G, cloud, big data, business models, geopolitics, trade wars, CSR, sustainability | 4.1 to 4.8, pages 43-53 | Covered |
BBA 428 official syllabus vs the notes
- Official unit
- Unit I: Introduction to Global Outsourcing
- Official topics
- Definition and evolution, types, globalization, drivers, cost, expertise, core focus, skilled labour, political climate, outsourcing vs offshoring, onshore, nearshore, offshore
- Where in the notes
- 1.1 to 1.11, pages 5-17
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit II: Benefits and Challenges of Global Outsourcing
- Official topics
- Benefits, global talent, core competencies, challenges, communication, time zones, culture, legal, regulatory and IP risks, ethics
- Where in the notes
- 2.1 to 2.9, pages 18-28
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit III: Global Outsourcing Destinations
- Official topics
- Emerging destinations, comparative analysis, economic factors, labour, currency, tax, trade agreements, FDI, political and regulatory environment, incentives, India, China, Eastern Europe
- Where in the notes
- 3.1 to 3.12, pages 29-42
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit IV: Future of Global Outsourcing
- Official topics
- Trends, AI, RPA, smart outsourcing, 5G, cloud, big data, business models, geopolitics, trade wars, CSR, sustainability
- Where in the notes
- 4.1 to 4.8, pages 43-53
- Status
- Covered
Official source: GGSIPU BBA Scheme & Syllabus (NEP based, revised) w.e.f. 2024-25. BBA 428 is on pages 225-226, and the marks scheme on the opening pages.
Every course in GGSIPU notes is mapped to its official PDF the same way.
How to write BBA 428 answers: definitions with company examples, sourcing tables and problem-plus-remedy long answers
BBA 428 is a theory paper with no numericals, so marks come from structure and specific references. These Global Outsourcing notes in English end almost every topic with an exam tip.
Short answers (2–5 Marks): a one-line definition, four or five features and one real company, such as Apple-Foxconn or a US bank using an Indian BPO (page 6). For "differentiate" questions, a three-row table beats two paragraphs.
Long answers (10–12.5 Marks): open with a definition, sort points into categories and close with a balanced line. For challenges, write "problem plus remedy": each challenge, then its fix, such as SLAs with exit clauses or ISO 27001 audits (page 22). For legal risk, name the laws: GDPR, the DPDP Act 2023, HIPAA and TRIPS (page 26).
Case-study answers: use the six-point frame from page 37 (background, strengths, major companies, government role, challenges, outlook) and end the China answer with China+1. For Unit IV, the notes suggest closing with one balanced line: AI will change what is outsourced and how it is priced, not end outsourcing (page 45).
Worked example: "What is a captive centre (GCC)?"
- Definition: a company's own subsidiary abroad doing work it could give to a vendor.
- Key point: it is offshoring but not outsourcing, because the work stays inside the company.
- Examples: Google, Walmart and JPMorgan centres in India (page 8).
- Finish: the "own company, foreign" box of the sourcing matrix.
The most common slip is treating outsourcing and offshoring as one idea; keep "who does the work" and "where it is done" apart. Practise this format on the GGSIPU BBA important questions.
BBA 428 and the GGSIPU BBA Sem 8 papers it connects to
BBA 428 has no paired lab (L-4, T-0, 4 credits); three Semester 8 papers share ground with it. The full programme structure is on the GGSIPU BBA syllabus page.
- BBA 404 AI and ML in Business (core): topics 4.2 and 4.3 on AI and RPA.
- BBA 426 International Business Ethics (same basket): topic 2.9 on Rana Plaza and topic 4.8 on CSR and SA8000.
- BBA 430 International Business Venturing Abroad (same basket): topics 3.3 to 3.8 on FDI, trade and political risk.
From Semester 7, BBA 427 International Supply Chain Management feeds the China case and China+1 in topics 3.11 and 4.6. BBA 402 Research Ethics and Writing has no overlap.
BBA 428 Global Outsourcing notes FAQs
How do I get the full BBA 428 notes?
The full BBA 428 notes come only as a printed book; there is no PDF version. Message 9899436384 on WhatsApp with the paper code and your delivery address. Delivery takes a maximum of 5 to 7 days, depending on your location.
What is the passing mark for BBA 428?
BBA 428 is marked out of 100: 40 internal and 60 in the end-term exam, as the GGSIPU BBA scheme states for all theory courses. The BBA scheme PDF does not print a pass percentage for individual papers. For end-term minimums and re-appear rules, check GGSIPU Ordinance 11 on ipu.ac.in or your college exam cell.
Is BBA 428 compulsory in BBA Semester 8?
No. BBA 428 is a Major Elective in the International Business specialisation. BBA (Hons.) students choose three Major Electives in Semester 8, and BBA 428 sits in a basket with BBA 426 and BBA 430. Electives run at the college's discretion, so confirm with your institute that BBA 428 is being offered in your batch this term.
Which unit of the BBA 428 notes needs the most time?
Unit III, Global Outsourcing Destinations, is the longest at 14 pages (29 to 42) with 12 topics. It carries all three country case studies (India's BPO sector, China's manufacturing role and Eastern Europe) plus a factor-rating table and an India, China and Eastern Europe comparison. Units II and IV run to 11 pages each, so give Unit III extra revision time.
Do the BBA 428 notes give answers to the exam questions?
The 56 BBA 428 exam questions are listed at the end of each unit as practice questions, without separate model answers. Every question maps to a numbered topic in that unit, so the answer content is in the notes themselves: definitions, comparison tables, company examples and an exam tip for that topic. The tips show how to structure each answer.
Is there a lab or practical paper with BBA 428?
No. BBA 428 is a pure theory paper with 4 lecture hours and no tutorial or practical hours in the official scheme, and no lab code is attached to it. Your internal 40 marks come from a class test worth 15 marks and 25 marks of activities such as assignments, presentations, viva-voce, group discussion or class participation, set by your faculty.
Get the full BBA 428 Global Outsourcing Issues & Perspectives Notes on WhatsApp
| Unit | Pages | Exam questions |
|---|---|---|
| Unit I | 13 (5-17) | 14 |
| Unit II | 11 (18-28) | 14 |
| Unit III | 14 (29-42) | 14 |
| Unit IV | 11 (43-53) | 14 |
What is inside the full BBA 428 notes book
- Unit
- Unit I
- Pages
- 13 (5-17)
- Exam questions
- 14
- Unit
- Unit II
- Pages
- 11 (18-28)
- Exam questions
- 14
- Unit
- Unit III
- Pages
- 14 (29-42)
- Exam questions
- 14
- Unit
- Unit IV
- Pages
- 11 (43-53)
- Exam questions
- 14
53 pages with cover and index, 29 boxed definitions and 40 exam tips. Printed book only, not available as a PDF. Delivery: maximum 5 to 7 days, depending on your location.
Order the printed BBA 428 notes book on WhatsApp (4 units, 53 pages)
Unnati Educations is an independent education provider based in Vikaspuri, Delhi. We are not affiliated with, authorised by, or endorsed by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU). 'GGSIPU' and 'IPU' are used only to describe the syllabus our notes follow. For official information, visit ipu.ac.in.
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