MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management Notes cover all 4 units of the GGSIPU MBA Semester 2 paper in one 55-page book: 48 short-answer questions with answers, 36 long-answer questions, 18 worked numericals and a quick revision table for every unit, mapped to the MBA Scheme and Syllabus 2021-22 onwards.
Written by Prateek Talwar, Founder, Unnati Educations · Checked against the official 2021-22 PDF · Updated 13 October 2026 · Editorial policy
Scheme: MBA Scheme and Syllabus 2021-22 onwards | Applies to: w.e.f. 2021-22 session | Verified against: official PDF, ipu.ac.in
MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management at a glance: GGSIPU MBA Sem 2 credits, units and exam pattern
The syllabus prints MS-108; the scheme table lists MS 108. Lecture hours by unit: 11, 11, 10 and 10.
| Item | Official value |
|---|---|
| Code and title | MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management |
| Course and semester | MBA, Second Semester |
| Category and credits | Core/Open Elective · L-3, Credit-3 (3 lecture hours a week) |
| Marks | 100: 25 internal + 75 end-term |
| Internal 25 | Class test 15 + assignments, presentation, viva or participation 10 |
| Applies to | w.e.f. 2021-22 academic session |
| End-term question pattern | Not printed in the official PDFs (no paper-setter instructions for MS 108) |
| Exam duration | 3 hours |
| Units | 4 |
| Paired lab | None |
MS 108 snapshot from the GGSIPU MBA Scheme and Syllabus 2021-22 onwards
- Item
- Code and title
- Official value
- MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management
- Item
- Course and semester
- Official value
- MBA, Second Semester
- Item
- Category and credits
- Official value
- Core/Open Elective · L-3, Credit-3 (3 lecture hours a week)
- Item
- Marks
- Official value
- 100: 25 internal + 75 end-term
- Item
- Internal 25
- Official value
- Class test 15 + assignments, presentation, viva or participation 10
- Item
- Applies to
- Official value
- w.e.f. 2021-22 academic session
- Item
- End-term question pattern
- Official value
- Not printed in the official PDFs (no paper-setter instructions for MS 108)
- Item
- Exam duration
- Official value
- 3 hours
- Item
- Units
- Official value
- 4
- Item
- Paired lab
- Official value
- None
It is one of nine entries listed on GGSIPU MBA Semester 2 papers.
MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management Notes unit-wise: 48 solved short answers and 18 worked numericals across 4 units
These MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management IPU notes run to 55 pages with an exam corner per unit. Notes for every other MBA paper sit under GGSIPU MBA notes.
MS 108 Unit 1: Introduction to Operations Management
Pages 4 to 16: the transformation model, ten OM decisions, evolution from Adam Smith (1776) to Industry 4.0, the open-system view, operations strategy with the sand-cone model, and ecological tools such as life cycle assessment and Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions.
10 sections · 6 figures · 1 numerical · 12 short answers · 8 long questions.
| Basis | Manufacturing | Services |
|---|---|---|
| Output | Tangible | Intangible experience |
| Storage | Can be held as inventory | Perishable, e.g. an empty seat |
| Customer contact | Low | High, customer is part of the process |
| Examples | Maruti Suzuki, Tata Steel | Apollo Hospitals, IndiGo, SBI |
Quick look: manufacturing vs service operations (from page 6)
- Basis
- Output
- Manufacturing
- Tangible
- Services
- Intangible experience
- Basis
- Storage
- Manufacturing
- Can be held as inventory
- Services
- Perishable, e.g. an empty seat
- Basis
- Customer contact
- Manufacturing
- Low
- Services
- High, customer is part of the process
- Basis
- Examples
- Manufacturing
- Maruti Suzuki, Tata Steel
- Services
- Apollo Hospitals, IndiGo, SBI
MS 108 Unit 2: Product Development & Process Selection
Pages 17 to 29: the stage-gate model, concurrent engineering, a House of Quality for an electric scooter, DFM and DFA, Taguchi's loss function, mass customisation, the Hayes and Wheelwright matrix, four layouts, location and job design.
13 sections · 3 figures · 5 numericals · 12 short answers · 10 long questions.
Quick look: balancing a six-task line (from pages 24 and 25)
- Cycle time = 480 ÷ 40 = 12 minutes.
- Stations = 25 ÷ 12 = 2.08, rounded up to 3.
- Longest-task rule: A, C, B (12 min) · E, D (9 min) · F (4 min).
- Efficiency = 25 ÷ 36 = 69.4%; idle time 11 minutes.
MS 108 Unit 3: Operation Planning & Control
Pages 30 to 42: lead, lag and match capacity, level vs chase plans, an MRP explosion, SPT and EDD sequencing, Johnson's rule, Goldratt's five focusing steps, TIMWOODS wastes, kanban sizing, sustainable supply chains, the bullwhip effect and ABC, VED and FSN control.
10 sections · 3 figures · 7 numericals, the most of any unit · 12 short answers · 9 long questions.
| Step | Working | Result |
|---|---|---|
| EOQ | √(2 × 20,000 × 500 ÷ 20) | 1,000 units |
| Orders a year | 20,000 ÷ 1,000 | 20 orders |
| Reorder point | 80 a day × 6 days + 120 safety stock | 600 units |
Quick look: EOQ and reorder point worked out (from page 39)
- Step
- EOQ
- Working
- √(2 × 20,000 × 500 ÷ 20)
- Result
- 1,000 units
- Step
- Orders a year
- Working
- 20,000 ÷ 1,000
- Result
- 20 orders
- Step
- Reorder point
- Working
- 80 a day × 6 days + 120 safety stock
- Result
- 600 units
MS 108 Unit 4: Quality Management
Pages 43 to 54: Garvin's eight dimensions, SERVQUAL, the prevention-appraisal-failure cost model, Kaizen, ISO 9001 and 14001, six quality awards, X̄, R, p, np and c charts, the OC curve, TQM, 5S, BPR and OEE.
14 sections · 5 numericals · 12 short answers · 9 long questions.
| Chart | Centre line | UCL | LCL |
|---|---|---|---|
| X̄ chart | 50.0 mm | 52.308 mm | 47.692 mm |
| R chart | 4.0 mm | 8.456 mm | 0 |
| Reading | All five samples fall inside the limits, so the process is in control | ||
Triple bottom line and circular operations in sustainable operations: excerpt from page 12 of the MS 108 notes
Excerpt from page 12
The triple bottom line
Sustainable operations balance three Ps, a framework John Elkington set out in 1994. Profit is the economic side: cost efficiency, productivity and long-term profitability. People is the social side: worker safety, fair wages and community welfare. Planet is the environmental side: using less energy and water and producing less waste and fewer emissions. An operation that wins on one P while damaging another is not sustainable.
Why sustainability matters in operations
Regulation is the first driver. The Environment (Protection) Act 1986, Extended Producer Responsibility rules for plastic, e-waste and batteries, CPCB norms and SEBI's Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR), mandatory for the top 1,000 listed companies from FY 2022-23, all push firms to act. Cost is the second: less energy, water and material means a lower bill, which is why sustainability and lean move together.
Customers and investors add pressure through ESG ratings and buyers who want low-carbon suppliers, such as the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. Water stress, energy prices and extreme weather threaten supply chains. India has committed to net-zero emissions by 2070, and responsible firms find it easier to attract both customers and talent.
Traditional vs sustainable operations
Traditional operations chase maximum output at minimum cost and follow a linear model: take, make, use, dispose. Waste is treated as an unavoidable by-product, energy comes mainly from fossil fuels and the time horizon is short-term profit. Performance is judged on cost, output and productivity, and responsibility ends at the factory gate.
Sustainable operations aim at the triple bottom line and follow a circular model of reduce, reuse, recycle and remanufacture. Waste becomes a lost resource to be designed out. Energy efficiency is paired with renewable power, and the goal is long-term value and resilience.
Carbon, water, waste intensity and safety join the scorecard, responsibility covers the whole life cycle and supply chain (Scope 3), and stakeholders widen from shareholders to workers, the community, regulators and the environment.
MS 108 exam corner: 48 solved short-answer and 36 long-answer questions by unit
The notes print no marks against questions, so these are grouped by type.
| Unit | Short answers with answers | Long-answer questions | Worked numericals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 1: Introduction to Operations Management | 12 | 8 | 1 |
| Unit 2: Product Development & Process Selection | 12 | 10 | 5 |
| Unit 3: Operation Planning & Control | 12 | 9 | 7 |
| Unit 4: Quality Management | 12 | 9 | 5 |
| Total | 48 | 36 | 18 |
MS 108 exam corner counts by unit
- Unit
- Unit 1: Introduction to Operations Management
- Short answers with answers
- 12
- Long-answer questions
- 8
- Worked numericals
- 1
- Unit
- Unit 2: Product Development & Process Selection
- Short answers with answers
- 12
- Long-answer questions
- 10
- Worked numericals
- 5
- Unit
- Unit 3: Operation Planning & Control
- Short answers with answers
- 12
- Long-answer questions
- 9
- Worked numericals
- 7
- Unit
- Unit 4: Quality Management
- Short answers with answers
- 12
- Long-answer questions
- 9
- Worked numericals
- 5
- Unit
- Total
- Short answers with answers
- 48
- Long-answer questions
- 36
- Worked numericals
- 18
Four exam-style questions from the book, one per unit:
- Unit 1: Differentiate between order qualifiers and order winners. Qualifiers get a product considered; winners make the customer choose it (Terry Hill, 1985).
- Unit 2: State the Taguchi loss function. Write
L = k(y − T)²: loss grows with the square of the deviation from target. - Unit 3: What is drum-buffer-rope? The bottleneck (drum) sets the pace, a buffer stops it starving, and the rope releases material only at the drum's rate.
- Unit 4: What are producer's and consumer's risks? α is rejecting a good lot; β is accepting a bad one.
The MS 108 notes solve 48 short-answer questions across 4 units, list 36 long-answer questions and work 18 numericals.
More practice sits in the MS 108 important questions.
Who writes and checks the MS 108 Sustainable Operations notes?
- Prateek Talwar, author of these notes · Founder, Unnati Educations · Associate Company Secretary (ACS), ICSI, since 15 May 2019 · B.Com, University of Delhi (School of Open Learning), 2012 · Author profile
These GGSIPU MBA Sem 2 Sustainable Operations Management notes are mapped to the MBA Scheme and Syllabus 2021-22 onwards, checked topic by topic against the official PDF. The 2026-27 edition uses Indian examples such as Maruti Suzuki's vendor parks and ITC. Last updated 13 October 2026, under our editorial policy.
The same team prepares GGSIPU important questions for each course it covers.
Do the MS 108 notes cover the full GGSIPU syllabus?
Yes. Every MS 108 topic in the GGSIPU MBA syllabus 2021-22 onwards has its own section in the notes; our unit check found no gaps.
| Official unit | Official topics | Where in the notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit I: Introduction to Operations Management (11 hours) | Nature and scope, evolution, system perspectives, other functional areas, operations strategy, recent trends, sustainability, ecological considerations | 1.1 to 1.10, pp. 4 to 14 | Covered |
| Unit II: Product Development & Process Selection (11 hours) | Product development, concurrent engineering, QFD, DFM, design for assembly and quality, mass customisation, process selection, product process matrix, layout, line balancing, location, work measurement, job design, IT and productivity | 2.1 to 2.13, pp. 17 to 27 | Covered |
| Unit III: Operation Planning & Control (10 hours) | Capacity, aggregate planning, MRP, scheduling, theory of constraints, synchronous manufacturing, lean, JIT, sustainable supply chain, inventory control | 3.1 to 3.9, pp. 30 to 39 | Covered |
| Unit IV: Quality Management (10 hours) | Quality definition, dimensions, costs, Kaizen, ISO 9000 and 14000, awards, SQC, control charts (X, R, p, np, c), acceptance sampling, OC curve (AQL, LTPD, α and β risk), TQM, 5S, BPR, operation analytics | 4.1 to 4.13, pp. 43 to 52 | Covered |
MS 108 official units mapped to the notes
- Official unit
- Unit I: Introduction to Operations Management (11 hours)
- Official topics
- Nature and scope, evolution, system perspectives, other functional areas, operations strategy, recent trends, sustainability, ecological considerations
- Where in the notes
- 1.1 to 1.10, pp. 4 to 14
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit II: Product Development & Process Selection (11 hours)
- Official topics
- Product development, concurrent engineering, QFD, DFM, design for assembly and quality, mass customisation, process selection, product process matrix, layout, line balancing, location, work measurement, job design, IT and productivity
- Where in the notes
- 2.1 to 2.13, pp. 17 to 27
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit III: Operation Planning & Control (10 hours)
- Official topics
- Capacity, aggregate planning, MRP, scheduling, theory of constraints, synchronous manufacturing, lean, JIT, sustainable supply chain, inventory control
- Where in the notes
- 3.1 to 3.9, pp. 30 to 39
- Status
- Covered
- Official unit
- Unit IV: Quality Management (10 hours)
- Official topics
- Quality definition, dimensions, costs, Kaizen, ISO 9000 and 14000, awards, SQC, control charts (X, R, p, np, c), acceptance sampling, OC curve (AQL, LTPD, α and β risk), TQM, 5S, BPR, operation analytics
- Where in the notes
- 4.1 to 4.13, pp. 43 to 52
- Status
- Covered
Official source: MBA Scheme and Syllabus 2021-22 onwards (ipu.ac.in PDF).
Every course in GGSIPU notes is mapped to its official PDF the same way.
How to write MS 108 answers: diagram-led theory answers and step-wise line balancing, EOQ and control chart numericals
MS 108 mixes two kinds of answers. Theory answers on strategy, sustainability, lean or TQM read better with a labelled diagram and a comparison table, as the notes model them: transformation model, strategy hierarchy, house of quality, closed-loop supply chain. Numericals reward clean steps with the formula written first.
For a long Operations Strategy answer, the notes' exam tip uses six blocks: meaning (Skinner's "missing link"), the hierarchy diagram, the competitive priorities table, order qualifiers and winners, trade-offs vs the sand-cone model, and the formulation steps, closed with one Indian example. The same build suits lean and TQM answers.
Three habits from the notes. Always write the Taguchi loss function in a design for quality answer. In inventory answers, combine techniques: continuous review for A-category vital spares, a two-bin system for C-category desirable items. Round the way the method demands: stations and kanbans always round up, while standard output counts only complete units.
Worked example: standard time (page 26)
- Observed time 5.0 minutes × 110% rating = normal time 5.5 minutes.
- 5.5 × (1 + 0.15 allowance) = standard time 6.325 minutes.
- 480-minute shift ÷ 6.325 = 75.9, written as 75 units, because only complete units count.
Practise this format on GGSIPU MBA important questions.
MS 108 and the GGSIPU MBA Sem 2 papers it connects to
MS 108 has no paired lab, so its official topic list lives in the GGSIPU MBA syllabus alongside every other paper.
Semester 2 papers that share ground with it:
- MS 110 Management of Information Systems: ERP meets Unit 3 (MRP to ERP) and section 2.13 on IT.
- MS 106 Business Research: its statistics support Unit 4's control charts and OC curve.
- MS 104 Financial Management: cost logic returns in location break-even and EOQ.
- MS 112 Human Resource Management and MS 102 Technology and Innovation Management: job design and product development overlap with Unit 2.
- MS 114 Minor Project, MS 116 Professional Skill Development (NUES) and MS 118 MOOC/Open Elective complete the semester.
MS 108 Sustainable Operations notes FAQs
How do I get the full MS 108 notes?
The full MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management notes come as a printed book ordered on WhatsApp at 9899436384; they are not sold as a PDF. Send the paper code and your course, and the team shares order and delivery details there. The watermarked sample PDF at the top of this page shows the cover, contents and one page per unit.
What is the passing mark for MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management?
MS 108 is marked out of 100: 25 internal and 75 end-term, as the MBA scheme sets for every theory course. The internal 25 is a class test of 15 plus 10 for assignments, presentations, viva or class participation. The scheme PDF prints no pass percentage, so check end-term minimums and re-appear rules in GGSIPU Ordinance 11 on ipu.ac.in.
Which MS 108 unit has the most numericals?
Unit 3, Operation Planning & Control, has 7 of the 18 worked numericals in the MS 108 notes: capacity utilisation, level vs chase planning, an MRP explosion, sequencing, Johnson's rule, kanban sizing and EOQ with reorder point. Units 2 and 4 have 5 each, covering line balancing, location, standard time, control charts, the OC curve and OEE. Unit 1 has one productivity example.
Do the MS 108 notes follow the current GGSIPU MBA scheme?
The MS 108 notes follow the MBA Scheme and Syllabus 2021-22 onwards, which places Sustainable Operations Management in Semester 2 as a Core/Open Elective with L-3 and 3 credits. All four official units are mapped topic by topic in the coverage table on this page. If your institute follows a different scheme, compare its unit list with that table before you order.
Is there a lab or practical with MS 108?
No. The MBA Semester 2 scheme lists no lab or practical for MS 108; it is a theory course with 25 internal and 75 end-term marks. The syllabus only notes that visits to a manufacturing plant and a service facility may be arranged so students see operations first hand. Practical work in that semester comes through MS 114 Minor Project and MS 116.
What does the MS 108 sample PDF show?
The MS 108 sample PDF has 7 watermarked pages: the cover, both contents pages and one content page from each unit, covering sustainability in operations, the product-process matrix and layouts, the theory of constraints and lean, and the PDCA cycle with ISO 9000. It has no exam corner or revision pages; open it from the View Sample PDF button above.
Get the full MS 108 Sustainable Operations Management Notes on WhatsApp
| Unit | Pages |
|---|---|
| Unit 1: Introduction to Operations Management | 4 to 16 |
| Unit 2: Product Development & Process Selection | 17 to 29 |
| Unit 3: Operation Planning & Control | 30 to 42 |
| Unit 4: Quality Management | 43 to 54 |
Pages per unit in the full MS 108 notes book
- Pages
- 4 to 16
- Pages
- 17 to 29
- Pages
- 30 to 42
- Pages
- 43 to 54
The full Sustainable Operations Management notes in English come as a 55-page printed book, not a PDF: 48 solved short answers, 36 long questions and 18 numericals. Order on WhatsApp, where delivery details are shared.
Order the full MS 108 notes book on WhatsApp (4 units, 55 pages)
Unnati Educations is an independent education provider based in Vikaspuri, Delhi. We are not affiliated with, authorised by, or endorsed by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU). 'GGSIPU' and 'IPU' are used only to describe the syllabus our notes follow. For official information, visit ipu.ac.in.
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