MFM 223 Data Visualization for Decision Making Notes cover all four units of the GGSIPU MBA (Financial Management) Semester 3 elective in a 63-page printed English book. The notes include 16 fully solved exam-style questions, 48 short-answer practice questions, 32 long-answer practice questions, 8 labelled figures and a revision table for every unit. Topics include Tableau, dashboard design, data modelling, KPIs, storytelling, charts, mapping, colour palettes, visual critique and stakeholder alignment. The notes follow the MBA (FM) scheme labelled 2021-22 onwards.
Written by Prateek Talwar, Founder, Unnati Educations · Reviewed by Prateek Talwar · Checked against the MBA (Financial Management) Scheme and Syllabus, 2021-22 onwards · Updated 14 October 2026 · Editorial policy
Scheme: MBA (FM) 2021-22 onwards | Applies to: batches admitted from 2021-22 onwards, subject to subsequent revisions | Source record last verified: 14 October 2026
MFM 223 Data Visualization for Decision Making at a glance: GGSIPU MBA (FM) Sem 3 credits, units and exam pattern
MFM 223 is a three-credit Semester 3 elective that connects data visualization, Tableau-based analytics, financial dashboards and communication for managerial decision making.
| Code and title | MFM 223 · Data Visualization for Decision Making |
|---|---|
| Course and semester | MBA (Financial Management), Semester 3 |
| Category and credits | Elective theory paper; 3 credits; L-3, T-0, P-0 |
| Marks | 100: 25 internal + 75 end-term |
| Pass mark | Not specified in the supplied scheme details; consult GGSIPU Ordinance 11 and applicable examination notifications |
| Applies to | Batches covered by the MBA (FM) scheme labelled 2021-22 onwards |
| End-term pattern | 75 marks; detailed question-paper pattern not confirmed in the supplied scheme details |
| Units and hours | 4 units, 42 teaching hours: 12 + 10 + 10 + 10 |
| Paired lab | None |
The supplied scheme summary describes the internal assessment as a 15-mark class test plus 10 marks for assignments, presentation, viva, group discussion or class participation. Students select electives from the options available under their applicable programme scheme and institute offerings.
MFM 223 Data Visualization for Decision Making Notes unit-wise: 16 solved exam questions and 80 practice questions across 4 units
The supplied page plan allocates pages 5 to 62 to the four units. Each unit contains four fully answered exam-style questions, 12 short-answer practice questions, eight long-answer practice questions and a revision table. Across the book, the source identifies eight labelled figures.
MFM 223 Unit 1: Introduction to Data Visualization
Unit 1 (pages 5 to 22) introduces the purpose and history of data visualization, including Anscombe's Quartet, Michael Florent van Langren and Edward Tufte. It then covers Tableau data connections, importing data, live connections versus extracts, the Tableau workspace, worksheets, dashboards, stories, design fundamentals and colour palettes.
The unit contains eight sections, one labelled figure, four fully solved questions and 20 practice questions. It has 12 teaching hours, the highest allocation among the four units.
Quick look: detecting a misleading bar chart with the Lie Factor (from page 17)
- A company's profit rises from ₹100 crore to ₹110 crore, representing a 10% actual increase.
- If a bar chart starts its vertical axis at ₹95 crore, the displayed bar heights become 5 and 15 units.
- The displayed height increases by 200%, although the underlying profit rises by only 10%.
- Lie Factor = 200 ÷ 10 = 20, showing substantial visual exaggeration.
- For ordinary bar charts encoding magnitude through length, use a zero baseline so that bar lengths remain proportional to values.
A Lie Factor close to 1 indicates that the proportional change shown visually is close to the proportional change in the data. This example has a Lie Factor of 20, not an acceptable range near 1.
MFM 223 Unit 2: Data Modelling Fundamentals for Analytics
Unit 2 (pages 23 to 37) combines data modelling and advanced Tableau features. Part A covers star and snowflake schemas, data preparation, key performance indicators (KPIs), finance-related formulas, storytelling, dashboards, storyboards, infographics and dwell rules. Part B introduces Tableau filter order, dashboard actions, calculated fields, joins, data blending, custom SQL and custom shapes.
The unit contains eight sections, two labelled figures, four fully solved questions and 20 practice questions.
Quick look: finance calculated fields in Tableau (from page 32)
- Profit ratio:
SUM([Profit]) / SUM([Sales]). Guard against a zero denominator in production calculations. - Profit status:
IF SUM([Profit]) > 0 THEN "Profit" ELSE "Loss" END. This source formula groups zero profit with losses. - Days to ship:
DATEDIFF('day', [Order Date], [Ship Date]). - Lifetime sales:
{ FIXED [Customer ID] : SUM([Sales]) }. This is a FIXED level-of-detail expression; its result can depend on the data model and relevant filter context.
For exam answers, explain the calculation's business purpose and whether the expression works at row level, aggregate level or a fixed level of detail.
MFM 223 Unit 3: Infographics and Other Visualizations
Unit 3 (pages 38 to 50) covers infographic types, Tableau charts, bar and pie charts, Coxcomb plots, geocoding, mapping and seven map types. It introduces Web Map Service (WMS), advanced visualizations such as waterfall and Sankey charts, custom colour palettes, R integration, treemaps, data reduction, histograms, aggregation and cross-filtering.
The unit contains 11 sections, two labelled figures, four fully solved questions and 20 practice questions.
| Shape | Interpretation | Financial example |
|---|---|---|
| Right-skewed | A longer right tail; the mean often exceeds the median | Insurance claim amounts or customer order values |
| Bimodal | Two visible peaks that may indicate different underlying groups | A dataset combining retail and corporate loan sizes |
| Heavy-tailed | Extreme observations occur more frequently than under a comparable normal distribution | Financial returns and extreme market movements |
Quick look: interpreting histogram shapes in finance (from page 47)
- Shape
- Right-skewed
- Interpretation
- A longer right tail; the mean often exceeds the median
- Financial example
- Insurance claim amounts or customer order values
- Shape
- Bimodal
- Interpretation
- Two visible peaks that may indicate different underlying groups
- Financial example
- A dataset combining retail and corporate loan sizes
- Shape
- Heavy-tailed
- Interpretation
- Extreme observations occur more frequently than under a comparable normal distribution
- Financial example
- Financial returns and extreme market movements
Histogram appearance depends on bin width and sample size. Heavy tails are a distributional property, not a shape that can always be established from one histogram alone.
MFM 223 Unit 4: Business Alignment and Leadership
Unit 4 (pages 51 to 62) discusses the social and ethical aspects of visualization, misleading charts, decision making, stakeholder alignment, business trends and visual communication. The source also mentions the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and contemporary visualization tools.
The design component covers composition and space, perception of motion, scale and proportion, line, harmony and balance, colour combinations, the 60-30-10 colour rule, value, texture and visual analysis. A ten-point critique checklist helps students evaluate the effectiveness of dashboards and other charts.
The unit contains six sections, three labelled figures, four fully solved questions and 20 practice questions.
| Balance | How it works | Dashboard example |
|---|---|---|
| Symmetrical | Similar visual elements are arranged around a central axis | Two equally sized charts placed side by side |
| Asymmetrical | Different-sized elements are arranged to create balanced visual weight | One large chart balanced by three smaller KPI cards |
| Radial | Elements are organised around a central point | A circular display with a central KPI |
| Mosaic | Multiple visual elements form a distributed composition | A grid of small multiples or a heat map |
Quick look: four types of visual balance in dashboards (from page 58)
- Balance
- Symmetrical
- How it works
- Similar visual elements are arranged around a central axis
- Dashboard example
- Two equally sized charts placed side by side
- Balance
- Asymmetrical
- How it works
- Different-sized elements are arranged to create balanced visual weight
- Dashboard example
- One large chart balanced by three smaller KPI cards
- Balance
- Radial
- How it works
- Elements are organised around a central point
- Dashboard example
- A circular display with a central KPI
- Balance
- Mosaic
- How it works
- Multiple visual elements form a distributed composition
- Dashboard example
- A grid of small multiples or a heat map
These arrangements are design choices rather than guarantees of a readable dashboard. Chart selection should follow the analytical task and audience.
Coxcomb plot vs pie chart and Florence Nightingale's rose: excerpt from page 40 of the MFM 223 notes
Excerpt from page 40, Unit 3: Infographics and Other Visualizations
Coxcomb Plot (Polar Area or Rose Diagram)
A Coxcomb plot, also called a polar area diagram or rose diagram, divides a circle into sectors of equal angle. Each sector represents a category or period, such as a month. Unlike a pie chart, where the sector angle changes with the value, a Coxcomb uses a radial dimension to distinguish values.
Florence Nightingale popularised a form of polar area diagram in the nineteenth century to communicate causes of mortality among soldiers during the Crimean War. The historical diagram is an important example of using visual evidence to influence public policy.
| Basis | Pie chart | Coxcomb plot |
|---|---|---|
| Sector angle | Varies according to the value's share of the total | Usually equal across categories |
| Value encoding | Angle and sector area represent proportion | Radial extent or sector area, depending on the construction |
| Main use | Showing a few parts of one whole | Comparing categories arranged around a circle, including cyclic periods |
| Typical categories | A small number of parts | Can accommodate monthly or other cyclic categories |
| Main limitation | Similar angles can be difficult to compare | Radial and area perception can distort comparisons if the encoding is not designed carefully |
Pie chart versus Coxcomb plot
- Basis
- Sector angle
- Pie chart
- Varies according to the value's share of the total
- Coxcomb plot
- Usually equal across categories
- Basis
- Value encoding
- Pie chart
- Angle and sector area represent proportion
- Coxcomb plot
- Radial extent or sector area, depending on the construction
- Basis
- Main use
- Pie chart
- Showing a few parts of one whole
- Coxcomb plot
- Comparing categories arranged around a circle, including cyclic periods
- Basis
- Typical categories
- Pie chart
- A small number of parts
- Coxcomb plot
- Can accommodate monthly or other cyclic categories
- Basis
- Main limitation
- Pie chart
- Similar angles can be difficult to compare
- Coxcomb plot
- Radial and area perception can distort comparisons if the encoding is not designed carefully
Building a Coxcomb in Tableau
Tableau does not provide a dedicated Coxcomb chart type as a standard one-click mark. The source describes a construction using calculated fields and polar coordinates.
- Assign equal angular intervals to the categories, using an ordering calculation such as
INDEX(). - Choose how values will be encoded. For sectors with equal angles, use a radius proportional to the square root of a non-negative value if sector area should represent the value.
- Calculate horizontal and vertical coordinates using
X = radius × COS(angle)andY = radius × SIN(angle). - Use polygon marks and a sufficiently detailed path to draw each sector.
- Apply category colours, labels and a legend so the visual encoding remains clear.
Important distinction: If the radius is directly proportional to the data value, the sector area increases with the square of that value. If the area is intended to be proportional to the value, use a square-root radius transformation. These are different encodings and should not be treated as interchangeable.
The source also describes a simplified pie-based approximation. Such an approximation is not equivalent to a correctly constructed area-proportional Coxcomb because the required sector geometry is different.
Florence Nightingale and visual communication
Nightingale's mortality diagrams illustrated the substantial role of preventable disease in military deaths. Their use helped communicate the importance of sanitary reform to decision makers.
The lesson for business visualization is to select an encoding that represents the underlying data faithfully, label it clearly and connect the visual evidence to a decision.
MFM 223 exam corner: 16 solved questions plus 48 short-answer and 32 long-answer practice questions by unit
| Unit | Fully solved questions | Short-answer practice | Long-answer practice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 1 | 4 | 12 | 8 |
| Unit 2 | 4 | 12 | 8 |
| Unit 3 | 4 | 12 | 8 |
| Unit 4 | 4 | 12 | 8 |
| Total | 16 | 48 | 32 |
MFM 223 solved and practice questions by unit
- Unit
- Unit 1
- Fully solved questions
- 4
- Short-answer practice
- 12
- Long-answer practice
- 8
- Unit
- Unit 2
- Fully solved questions
- 4
- Short-answer practice
- 12
- Long-answer practice
- 8
- Unit
- Unit 3
- Fully solved questions
- 4
- Short-answer practice
- 12
- Long-answer practice
- 8
- Unit
- Unit 4
- Fully solved questions
- 4
- Short-answer practice
- 12
- Long-answer practice
- 8
- Unit
- Total
- Fully solved questions
- 16
- Short-answer practice
- 48
- Long-answer practice
- 32
The book lists 16 fully answered questions and 80 additional practice questions, giving 96 questions in total. The source labels short-answer practice as 2–5 marks and long-answer practice as 10–15 marks; these are editorial practice categories, not a confirmed official examination pattern.
One question per unit, with answer pointers:
- Unit 1: Distinguish between a Live connection and an Extract in Tableau. Pointer: A live connection queries the connected data source, while an extract uses a stored snapshot, commonly in Tableau's Hyper format. Explain refresh behaviour, performance considerations and data availability. Source page 21.
- Unit 2: Differentiate between a join and data blending. Pointer: A join combines data at the row level according to join keys and join type; traditional Tableau data blending combines results from separate sources at an aggregated level. Discuss granularity, relationships and limitations. Source page 36.
- Unit 3: What is a WMS server and how is it used in Tableau? Pointer: A Web Map Service is an Open Geospatial Consortium standard for requesting rendered map images. Explain map layers and the relevant background-map configuration options, noting that menu locations can vary by Tableau version. Source page 49.
- Unit 4: How does visualization create vision and alignment among stakeholders? Pointer: Discuss shared KPIs, consistent definitions, strategy maps, the Balanced Scorecard, cascading dashboards and visual storytelling. Explain how stakeholders use the same evidence to discuss priorities. Source page 61.
The separate MFM 223 important-questions page is planned. Its publication is not confirmed in the supplied page plan.
Who writes and checks the MFM 223 Data Visualization notes?
- Prateek Talwar, author: Founder, Unnati Educations; Associate Company Secretary (ACS), ICSI, membership no. 58704, since 15 May 2019; B.Com, University of Delhi (School of Open Learning), 2012. Author profile
Prateek Talwar is also identified as the subject reviewer. The supplied editorial record states that the notes were mapped topic by topic against the MBA (FM) scheme labelled 2021-22 onwards.
The source describes coverage of Tableau Pulse and Power BI Copilot in the 2026–27 edition. These are supplementary tool examples rather than separately listed topics in the supplied official syllabus mapping.
Last updated and last recorded verification: 14 October 2026. Read the editorial policy.
Do the MFM 223 notes cover the full GGSIPU syllabus?
The supplied editorial mapping identifies coverage for all four MFM 223 units. The final printed book has not been independently inspected topic by topic, so the table records the source's mapping rather than an independently certified completeness check.
| Official unit | Official topics | Where in the notes | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| I: Introduction to Data Visualization | Purpose and history of visualization; Tableau or latest visualization tool; data importing and external connections; interface; worksheets and dashboards; design fundamentals, principles and colours | Sections 1–8, pages 5–20; unit continues to page 22 | Mapped in source |
| II: Data Modelling Fundamentals for Analytics | Datasets, KPIs, storytelling, dashboards and storyboards, infographics, dwell rules, interactive features, actions, filters, calculated measures, blending, joins, custom queries and shapes | Sections 1–8, pages 23–35; unit continues to page 37 | Mapped in source |
| III: Infographics and Other Visualizations | Bar, pie and Coxcomb charts; geocoding; maps; advanced charts; custom palettes; WMS; R integration; treemaps; data reduction; histograms; aggregation and cross-filtering | Sections 1–11, pages 38–49; unit continues to page 50 | Mapped in source |
| IV: Business Alignment and Leadership | Social aspects; decision making; stakeholder alignment; trends; visual language; composition; motion; scale; line; harmony; balance; colour; value; texture and visual analysis | Sections 1–6, pages 51–61; unit continues to page 62 | Mapped in source |
MFM 223 syllabus topics mapped to the supplied notes
- Official unit
- I: Introduction to Data Visualization
- Official topics
- Purpose and history of visualization; Tableau or latest visualization tool; data importing and external connections; interface; worksheets and dashboards; design fundamentals, principles and colours
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1–8, pages 5–20; unit continues to page 22
- Status
- Mapped in source
- Official unit
- II: Data Modelling Fundamentals for Analytics
- Official topics
- Datasets, KPIs, storytelling, dashboards and storyboards, infographics, dwell rules, interactive features, actions, filters, calculated measures, blending, joins, custom queries and shapes
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1–8, pages 23–35; unit continues to page 37
- Status
- Mapped in source
- Official unit
- III: Infographics and Other Visualizations
- Official topics
- Bar, pie and Coxcomb charts; geocoding; maps; advanced charts; custom palettes; WMS; R integration; treemaps; data reduction; histograms; aggregation and cross-filtering
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1–11, pages 38–49; unit continues to page 50
- Status
- Mapped in source
- Official unit
- IV: Business Alignment and Leadership
- Official topics
- Social aspects; decision making; stakeholder alignment; trends; visual language; composition; motion; scale; line; harmony; balance; colour; value; texture and visual analysis
- Where in the notes
- Sections 1–6, pages 51–61; unit continues to page 62
- Status
- Mapped in source
Official reference: MBA (Financial Management) Scheme and Syllabus, 2021-22 onwards. The supplied page plan identifies MFM 223 on page 65 of the official PDF.
How to write MFM 223 answers: comparison tables, Tableau steps and labelled dashboard sketches
For a dashboard question, the source recommends starting with the definition and purpose, then explaining dashboard types, features, creation steps, design practices and benefits. A labelled sketch can show the placement of KPI cards, charts, filters and legends.
- Comparison questions: Use a table with a Basis column for Live versus Extract, Join versus Blending, or Dashboard versus Storyboard versus Infographic.
- Tableau procedure questions: Write steps in the order a user would perform them, naming the data source, fields, marks, shelves, filters and dashboard actions.
- Calculated fields: Include expressions such as Profit Ratio and an IF condition, then explain their output and business use.
- Chart-design questions: State the audience, analytical purpose, chart choice, encoding, colour and accessibility considerations.
- Visual critique: Examine purpose, data integrity, chart choice, encoding, clarity, colour, composition, insight, interactivity and ethics or accessibility.
Worked example: Sturges' rule for histogram bins (page 47)
Suppose a financial dataset contains 1,000 observations. Sturges' rule estimates a starting point for the number of histogram bins:
- Number of observations: n = 1,000.
- Formula:
k = 1 + 3.322 × log10(n). - Since
log10(1,000) = 3, substitutek = 1 + 3.322 × 3. - Calculate
k = 10.966. - Round to approximately 11 bins.
Sturges' rule is a starting heuristic. The final bin count should also be checked against sample size, skewness, outliers and the purpose of the analysis.
For a long-answer visualization question, combine a clear definition, a labelled diagram or formula, stepwise explanation, business example and limitations. The source's critique checklist on page 60 is especially relevant to evaluation-based answers.
MFM 223 and the GGSIPU MBA (FM) Sem 3 papers it connects to
Paired lab: None. MFM 223 is an elective theory paper without a separately identified practical component.
- MFM 211 Business Analytics: Connects with preparing data, analysing business performance and presenting KPIs.
- MFM 227 Business Analytics Lab: Provides a related practical context for analytics and visual reporting.
- MFM 221 Financial Econometrics: Connects with displaying statistical results, histograms and R-based analysis.
- MFM 209 Strategic Financial Management: Connects with strategy dashboards, stakeholder alignment and the Balanced Scorecard.
| Group | Papers |
|---|---|
| Summer training | MFM 201 Summer Training Report |
| Finance papers | MFM 203 Financial Derivatives; MFM 205 Financial Markets and Institutions; MFM 209 Strategic Financial Management |
| Entrepreneurship | MFM 207 Entrepreneurship Development and Start-Up |
| Analytics | MFM 211 Business Analytics; MFM 227 Business Analytics Lab |
| Open elective | MFM 213 MOOCs / Open Elective |
| Other elective options | MFM 215 Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring; MFM 217 International Financial Management; MFM 219 Venture Capital and Investment Banking; MFM 221 Financial Econometrics; MFM 225 Fixed Income Securities |
Other MBA (Financial Management) Semester 3 papers in the supplied scheme summary
- Group
- Summer training
- Papers
- MFM 201 Summer Training Report
- Group
- Finance papers
- Papers
- MFM 203 Financial Derivatives; MFM 205 Financial Markets and Institutions; MFM 209 Strategic Financial Management
- Group
- Entrepreneurship
- Papers
- MFM 207 Entrepreneurship Development and Start-Up
- Group
- Analytics
- Papers
- MFM 211 Business Analytics; MFM 227 Business Analytics Lab
- Group
- Open elective
- Papers
- MFM 213 MOOCs / Open Elective
- Group
- Other elective options
- Papers
- MFM 215 Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring; MFM 217 International Financial Management; MFM 219 Venture Capital and Investment Banking; MFM 221 Financial Econometrics; MFM 225 Fixed Income Securities
MFM 223 Data Visualization notes FAQs
How do I get the full MFM 223 notes?
Order the English printed notes book through the WhatsApp button below. The full book is listed as 63 pages covering four units. It is not offered as a complete PDF. A seven-page sample PDF is planned separately. Delivery normally takes up to 5 to 7 days, depending on location.
Is MFM 223 a core paper or an elective, and how many credits does it carry?
MFM 223 is a Semester 3 elective carrying three credits, with three lecture hours per week and no paired practical. The supplied scheme summary describes four elective selections in Semester 3. Availability should be confirmed with the student's institute and applicable scheme.
What is the passing mark for MFM 223?
MFM 223 carries 100 marks: 25 internal and 75 end-term. The supplied scheme details do not state a passing percentage. For applicable minimum marks and examination rules, consult GGSIPU Ordinance 11 and current university notifications.
Do I need to buy Tableau to study the MFM 223 notes?
No paid Tableau subscription is necessary to read the explanations, formulas and stepwise procedures in the printed notes. For hands-on practice, Tableau Public offers no-cost functionality, but published work can be publicly accessible. Do not upload confidential or personal financial data to a public workspace.
Do the MFM 223 notes cover R integration and custom colour palettes?
Yes. The supplied Unit 3 mapping places custom colour palettes on pages 43–44 and R integration on pages 44–45. The source describes the Preferences.tps file, Rserve, Tableau SCRIPT functions and related benefits and limitations. It also mentions Python integration through TabPy.
How do the MFM 223 notes help with the visual critique outcome, CO5?
The source identifies a ten-point critique checklist on page 60 covering purpose and audience, data integrity, chart choice, encoding, clarity, colour, composition, insight, interactivity, and ethics with accessibility. Page 51 also discusses misleading chart techniques and possible corrections.
Get the full MFM 223 Data Visualization for Decision Making Notes on WhatsApp
The English printed notes book is listed as 63 pages with 16 fully solved questions, 80 additional practice questions, eight labelled figures and revision tables for all four units.
| Part | Pages | Solved questions | Practice questions | Figures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cover and index | 1–4 (4) | — | — | — |
| Unit 1: Introduction to Data Visualization | 5–22 (18) | 4 | 20 | 1 |
| Unit 2: Data Modelling Fundamentals for Analytics | 23–37 (15) | 4 | 20 | 2 |
| Unit 3: Infographics and Other Visualizations | 38–50 (13) | 4 | 20 | 2 |
| Unit 4: Business Alignment and Leadership | 51–62 (12) | 4 | 20 | 3 |
| Final page to confirm | 63 (1; content not identified) | — | — | — |
| Listed book total | 63 | 16 | 80 | 8 |
MFM 223 printed notes: documented page allocation and content
- Part
- Cover and index
- Pages
- 1–4 (4)
- Solved questions
- —
- Practice questions
- —
- Figures
- —
- Pages
- 5–22 (18)
- Solved questions
- 4
- Practice questions
- 20
- Figures
- 1
- Pages
- 23–37 (15)
- Solved questions
- 4
- Practice questions
- 20
- Figures
- 2
- Pages
- 38–50 (13)
- Solved questions
- 4
- Practice questions
- 20
- Figures
- 2
- Pages
- 51–62 (12)
- Solved questions
- 4
- Practice questions
- 20
- Figures
- 3
- Part
- Final page to confirm
- Pages
- 63 (1; content not identified)
- Solved questions
- —
- Practice questions
- —
- Figures
- —
- Part
- Listed book total
- Pages
- 63
- Solved questions
- 16
- Practice questions
- 80
- Figures
- 8
The supplied page plan identifies 58 unit-content pages, four introductory pages and one final page whose content is not specified. The complete notes are sold as a printed book, not as a full downloadable PDF.
Delivery: within 5 to 7 days at most; the exact time may vary with your location.
Order the MFM 223 notes book on WhatsApp (4 units, 63 pages)
Unnati Educations is an independent education provider based in Vikaspuri, Delhi. We are not affiliated with, authorised by, or endorsed by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU). 'GGSIPU' and 'IPU' are used only to describe the syllabus our notes follow. For official information, visit ipu.ac.in.
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