BPSE-146 Solved Question Paper June 2026 gives you complete answers to all 8 questions of the IGNOU term-end examination on Conflict Resolution and Peace Building. Two answers are open below so you can judge the depth before you message us on WhatsApp 9899436384 for the full file.
BPSE-146 Conflict Resolution and Peace Building key facts, June 2026 paper
- Course code: BPSE-146
- Course title: Conflict Resolution and Peace Building
- Programmes: Bachelor of Arts (General), BAG, and Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Political Science, BAPSH
- Credits: 6
- Blocks and units: 4 blocks, 12 units
- Maximum marks: 100, at 20 marks per question; the term-end exam carries 70% weightage and assignments 30%
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the June 2026 paper: 8 in two sections, of which you answer any 5 with at least 2 from each section; Q4 and Q8 are two-part short notes
- Sample answers shown here: 2 (Q1 and Q7)
- Questions in the full solved file: all 8, which is 10 written answers; 6 questions are not answered on this page
What the BPSE-146 Solved Question Paper June 2026 covers
BPSE-146 Conflict Resolution and Peace Building is a 6-credit Political Science course in IGNOU's BAG and BAPSH programmes, and this file solves its June 2026 term-end paper question by question.
The June 2026 paper leans hard on actors. Three of its eight questions ask who resolves conflict: civil society in Q1, the state in Q3 and law-making bodies in Q4(b). That is a shift from December 2025, which was built around sources of conflict, resource disputes and socio-economic theories.
Section II tilts towards peace. Q5 asks how conflict transformation leads to peace building, Q7 asks for Gandhi's views, and Q6 asks you to describe conflict escalation in the South Asia region, the first time escalation has been framed around a single region in the papers we checked.
Every answer in the file is written to the word limit printed on the paper: about 400 words for full questions and about 200 words for each short-note part. That gives you 10 ready answers in total, because Q4 and Q8 each carry two parts.
The choice rule is what you should plan around. Every question is worth the same 20 marks for the same 400 words, so there is no cheap question; but because each section prints four questions and you must take at least two from each, the only possible splits are three answers from one section and two from the other. You therefore need to be able to answer 3 of the 4 questions in at least one section, and four strong topics that all sit in Section I will leave you one answer short.
8 questions · 20 marks each · answer any 5, at least 2 per section · about 400 words an answer · roughly 2,000 words in 180 minutes = 36 minutes a question
BPSE-146 June 2026 sample answers: two questions solved in full
Q1 from Section I and Q7 from Section II are solved below in full, at the 400-word length the IGNOU BPSE-146 Question Paper asks for.
We picked one question from each section so you can see how we handle both a conceptual question and a thinker-based one. Question wording follows the printed paper.
Question 1 Section I Any 5 of 8 Block 2, Unit 6 20 marks about 400 words Set in all 4 June papers
1. What is the role of civil society in conflict resolution? 20
Introduction. Civil society is the space of organised, voluntary social life that sits between the family, the market and the state. It includes NGOs, religious and community bodies, trade unions, women's groups, student bodies, professional associations and the media. In conflict resolution it matters because it can reach people the state cannot, and it often keeps public trust when governments lose it.
Functions of civil society in conflict resolution. Thania Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk (2006) grouped the peace roles of civil society into seven functions. They give a useful frame for this answer.
- Protection: local groups shield civilians from violence, for example by negotiating safe zones or accompanying threatened activists.
- Monitoring and early warning: human rights groups record abuses and warn of rising tension before it turns violent.
- Advocacy: citizens press leaders to talk. In 2003 the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, led by Leymah Gbowee, kept up pressure on the Accra peace talks until a deal was signed.
- Socialisation: schools, faith bodies and media spread values of tolerance and non-violence, building a culture of peace.
- Social cohesion: mixed forums bring divided groups together. After the 1992–93 riots, mohalla committees in Mumbai brought Hindu and Muslim residents and the police into regular dialogue.
- Intermediation and facilitation: unofficial dialogue, called Track II diplomacy (a term coined by Joseph Montville in 1981), opens channels when official talks stall. Tunisia's National Dialogue Quartet won the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize for this kind of work.
- Service delivery: relief, health care and rehabilitation for victims create entry points for wider peace work.
Indian examples. The Naga Mothers' Association has campaigned for decades against factional killings in Nagaland, and peace committees often step in during communal tension in Indian towns. Such bodies work at the grassroots, where formal treaties rarely reach.
Limitations. Civil society can itself split along the lines of the conflict. Some groups depend on foreign funding and lose local legitimacy. They seldom sit at the formal negotiating table, and states can restrict or co-opt them. Its influence is therefore strongest when it works alongside, not against, official processes.
Conclusion. Civil society cannot replace the state in ending a conflict, but it makes peace last. By protecting people, carrying voices to leaders and rebuilding trust between communities, it turns a signed agreement into lived peace.
Question 7 Section II Any 5 of 8 Block 3, Unit 9 20 marks about 400 words Non-violent methods set in 3 of 8 papers
7. What are Gandhi's views on conflict resolution? 20
Introduction. For Mahatma Gandhi, resolving a conflict did not mean defeating the opponent. It meant reaching the truth of the dispute together. His method for this was satyagraha, literally holding firmly to truth, which he first developed in South Africa from 1906 and later used across India's freedom struggle.
Core principles
- Truth and non-violence: Gandhi held that no party owns the whole truth. Using violence against an opponent who may be partly right is therefore wrong. Ahimsa is the only method consistent with the search for truth.
- Unity of means and ends: a just end cannot come from unjust means. Violent methods leave bitterness that plants the seed of the next conflict.
- Separate the evil from the evildoer: the satyagrahi fights the unjust act or system, never the person, and keeps the door open for friendship.
- Conversion, not coercion: through self-suffering (tapasya), the satyagrahi appeals to the opponent's conscience so that the change is willing and lasting.
Graded methods. Gandhi used the mildest method first: dialogue, negotiation and arbitration. Only when these failed did he move to non-cooperation, strikes, fasting and civil disobedience. Even then, he kept talks open and accepted honourable compromise.
Gandhi's method in practice
- Champaran, 1917: a patient inquiry into the grievances of indigo farmers led to the Champaran Agrarian Act of 1918.
- Ahmedabad mill dispute, 1918: his fast in support of the textile workers brought the mill owners to accept arbitration.
- Noakhali, 1946–47: he walked from village to village to restore communal peace after riots.
Constructive programme. Gandhi linked conflict resolution to removing its roots. Khadi, village self-reliance, Hindu-Muslim unity and the removal of untouchability were meant to end the structural injustice behind conflict. Modern peace studies calls this positive peace.
Assessment. Critics argue that satyagraha needs high discipline and may fail against a ruthless opponent. Yet it shaped Martin Luther King Jr.'s Montgomery bus boycott of 1955–56 and influenced peace scholars such as Johan Galtung.
Conclusion. Gandhi turned conflict into a moral dialogue. By joining non-violence, truth and constructive work, he offered a method that seeks to resolve conflict and not simply suppress it.
Exam-hall note on length. Both answers above run a little past the 400 words the paper allows, because the full file doubles as a study resource. Keep every name and date — the seven Paffenholz and Spurk functions, Champaran 1917, Ahmedabad 1918 — because in a theory paper those are what lift an answer above a general one. Cut a function or a principle from the longest list instead: five of the seven functions and three of the four Gandhian principles will fit comfortably at 400 words.
Questions answered only in the full file
The six questions below appear as printed in the June 2026 paper; their answers are in the full file only.
Where the printed paper has a clear slip, the correct form is given in square brackets.
Section I — attempt at least two questions from this section
2. Explain the process of reconstruction and rehabilitation in post-conflict situation [in a post-conflict situation]. 20
3. Discuss the role of state [the state] in conflict resolution. 20
4. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each: 2 × 10 = 20
(a) International conflicts
(b) Law-making bodiesSection II — attempt at least two questions from this section
5. How does conflict transformation lead to peace building? 20
6. Describe conflict escalation in South Asia region [in the South Asia region]. 20
8. Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each: 2 × 10 = 20
(a) Value conflict
(b) Inter-group conflict
How to use the choice rule. Five answers, at least two from each section, four questions printed in each — so you must answer three from one section and two from the other, and you cannot use four answers from your stronger section however well you know them. The note questions are the easiest place to find a third answer: Q4 and Q8 each give you two separate 200-word notes instead of one continuous 400-word essay, which is quicker to fill under time pressure, and each note stands on its own.
BPSE-146 Conflict Resolution and Peace Building block and unit syllabus
BPSE-146 is taught in 4 blocks and 12 units that move from what conflict is, to how it is managed, to how peace is built and sustained.
The 12 unit titles below match the English course list on eGyanKosh. Our BPSE-146 Study Material follows the same block order.
| Block | Units | Topics examiners pick from it | June 2026 questions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Block 1: Conflict: Theoretical Constructs | Unit 1 Meaning and Concept of Conflict; Unit 2 Sources of Conflict; Unit 3 Types and Level of Conflicts; Unit 4 Theories of Conflict | Life cycle and escalation of conflict, Anatol Rapoport's classification, Human Needs and Relative Deprivation theories | Q4(a), Q6, Q8 — 3 questions |
| Block 2: Conflict Management | Unit 5 Methods of Conflict Resolution; Unit 6 Role of Government and Civil Society; Unit 7 Role of International and Trans-National Institutions | Mediation between groups, civil society and the state in conflict resolution, UN peacekeeping operations | Q1, Q3, Q4(b), Q5 — 4 questions |
| Block 3: Peace Building | Unit 8 Meaning and Significance; Unit 9 Approaches; Unit 10 Post-Conflict Construction and Rehabilitation | Positive and negative peace, social construction principle of peace, rebuilding after violence | Q2, Q5, Q7 — 3 questions |
| Block 4: Contemporary Peace Initiative | Unit 11 Inter-Faith Dialogue; Unit 12 Peace Initiative | Interfaith dialogue, JP model of peace initiative, peace initiative models | None this session |
Unit totals come to 12: four in Block 1 and three each in Blocks 2 and 3, with two in Block 4.
Block 4 produced no question at all in June 2026. Both of its units, on interfaith dialogue and peace initiative models, were untouched, and the repeat table below shows why that is not an accident: this material has appeared only in December papers. Block 2 carried the most weight with four questions, including the two on civil society and the state that open Section I.
You can check the official block list on the eGyanKosh BPSE-146 course collection maintained by IGNOU.
BPSE-146 question paper pattern and marks split
The BPSE-146 paper carries 100 marks over 3 hours: you answer 5 of 8 questions at 20 marks each, with at least 2 from each section.
| Section | Questions printed | Answer type | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Section I | Q1 civil society, Q2 post-conflict rebuilding, Q3 the state, Q4 short notes | Three 400-word essays and one pair of 200-word notes | 20 per question; attempt at least 2 |
| Section II | Q5 conflict transformation, Q6 escalation in South Asia, Q7 Gandhi, Q8 short notes | Three 400-word essays and one pair of 200-word notes | 20 per question; attempt at least 2 |
| Overall | 8 questions | Any 5 answers, about 2,000 words in 3 hours | 5 × 20 = 100 marks |
Every question costs the same twenty marks for the same four hundred words, so there is nothing to gain by reordering. What the paper does give you is 36 minutes an answer, which is generous for 400 words, so the pressure on this paper is recall rather than writing speed.
The same two-section, five-answer format has run in every paper since June 2022, so the pattern is stable. You can compare older papers on our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper page.
Most repeated BPSE-146 topics in IGNOU exams, 2022 to 2026
The meaning of peace and the role of the UN are the two most repeated BPSE-146 topics, each set in 4 of the 7 earlier papers, and both were skipped in June 2026.
We read every BPSE-146 paper we could find on ignou.ac.in and webservices.ignou.ac.in: June 2022, December 2022, June 2023, December 2023, December 2024, June 2025 and December 2025. The June 2024 paper was not available on either site, so it is not counted. The count column covers those seven earlier papers, and the last column shows separately whether the topic came back in June 2026, so that the current paper does not inflate its own history.
| Topic | Sessions where it appeared | Earlier papers (of 7) | In June 2026? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning of peace, positive peace and perspectives on peace | Dec 2022, June 2023, Dec 2024, Dec 2025 | 4 | No |
| UN and international organisations in keeping peace | June 2023, Dec 2023, Dec 2024, June 2025 | 4 | No |
| Civil society in conflict resolution | June 2022, June 2023, June 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q1 |
| Conflict escalation and life cycle of conflict | Dec 2022, Dec 2024, Dec 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q6 |
| Meaning and features of peace building | Dec 2022, June 2025, Dec 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q2 and Q5 |
| Types and levels of conflict, including international and inter-group | June 2022, June 2023, June 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q4(a) and Q8 |
| Sources of conflict | Dec 2022, June 2023, Dec 2025 | 3 | No |
| Concept and definition of conflict | Dec 2022, June 2023, Dec 2024 | 3 | No |
| Violent versus non-violent conflicts | Dec 2023, Dec 2024, June 2025 | 3 | No |
| Interfaith dialogue and peace initiative models | Dec 2022, Dec 2024, Dec 2025 | 3 | No |
| Role of the state and government in conflict resolution | June 2022, June 2023 | 2 | Yes, Q3 and Q4(b) |
| Gandhi, Gene Sharp and non-violent methods | Dec 2023, Dec 2024 | 2 | Yes, Q7 |
Nothing in June 2026 was new. All eight questions fall into six themes that had already been set in earlier papers, which on a theory course is the strongest argument there is for working through old papers rather than reading the blocks end to end.
This course splits its topics by session, and the split is unusually clean. The window holds four June papers (2022, 2023, 2025 and 2026) and four December papers (2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025), so the comparison is a fair one. Four themes have never crossed over:
- Civil society in conflict resolution — set in all four June papers and none of the four December papers.
- Types and levels of conflict — the same, all four June papers and no December paper.
- Role of the state and government — three of the four June papers, no December paper.
- Interfaith dialogue and peace initiative models — three of the four December papers, no June paper. This is the whole of Block 4.
The meaning of peace and positive peace leans the same way, with three December appearances to one in June. If you are sitting a December paper, in other words, the June question set is the wrong thing to revise from, and Block 4 moves from skippable to essential.
Ranked list for December 2026. Six of the twelve themes were skipped in June 2026, and the December leaning sharpens which of them matter:
- Meaning of peace, positive peace and perspectives on peace — 4 of 7, the joint most repeated theme, skipped, and three of its four appearances are December sessions. Block 3, Unit 8.
- Interfaith dialogue and peace initiative models — 3 of 7, all three in December, and the whole of Block 4 gave nothing in June 2026. Units 11 and 12.
- UN and international organisations in keeping peace — 4 of 7, the other joint leader, skipped. Block 2, Unit 7, which gave no question at all this session.
- Violent versus non-violent conflicts — 3 of 7, two of them December, skipped.
- Sources of conflict and concept and definition of conflict — 3 of 7 each, both skipped, both from Block 1.
If you are revising for December 2026, start with our IGNOU Solved Guess Paper for this course alongside the list above.
How our BPSE-146 answers are written and checked
Each BPSE-146 answer is written by Prateek Talwar, Academic Head, from the IGNOU unit it belongs to, kept to the printed word limit, and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola before release.
Our writers start from the eGyanKosh units, so Q2 draws on Unit 10 and Q3 on Unit 6. Answers use an introduction, numbered points and a conclusion, because that is the shape a 20-mark IGNOU answer is marked on.
Where a question invites a case, we add a real one with a date you can quote, such as the 1918 Ahmedabad mill dispute in Q7 and the 2003 Liberian women's campaign in Q1. Named frameworks are cited properly too, including the seven functions of civil society set out by Paffenholz and Spurk in 2006. Q6 on South Asia gets regional examples rather than the general escalation theory most notes repeat.
Question text is reproduced from the official IGNOU June 2026 paper, including its numbering. Where the printed paper has a slip, we keep the printed words and give the correct form in square brackets.
Before release the file is checked against the earlier papers, so you can see where a June 2026 question overlaps with an older one. If you are also preparing other courses, the BAPSH Question Paper set is organised the same way.
BPSE-146 solved file index: every June 2026 question mapped
The full BPSE-146 file answers all 8 questions; 2 are open on this page and 6 are in the full file only.
BPSE-146 is a theory course with no practical or record work, so this index lists every question with its unit instead.
| Q | Question topic | Section | Block and unit | Answer length | Where to read it |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Role of civil society in conflict resolution | I | Block 2, Unit 6 | About 400 words | On this page |
| 2 | Reconstruction and rehabilitation after conflict | I | Block 3, Unit 10 | About 400 words | Full file only |
| 3 | Role of the state in conflict resolution | I | Block 2, Unit 6 | About 400 words | Full file only |
| 4 | (a) International conflicts (b) Law-making bodies | I | Block 1, Unit 3 and Block 2, Unit 6 | 2 notes of about 200 words | Full file only |
| 5 | Conflict transformation and peace building | II | Block 2, Unit 5 and Block 3, Unit 9 | About 400 words | Full file only |
| 6 | Conflict escalation in South Asia | II | Block 1, Units 1 and 3 | About 400 words | Full file only |
| 7 | Gandhi's views on conflict resolution | II | Block 3, Unit 9 | About 400 words | On this page |
| 8 | (a) Value conflict (b) Inter-group conflict | II | Block 1, Units 2 and 3 | 2 notes of about 200 words | Full file only |
Because Q4 and Q8 each carry two notes, the eight questions come to ten written answers in the file. Counting by block, Block 2 feeds four questions, Blocks 1 and 3 three each, and Block 4 none. Unit 6 on government and civil society was the single busiest unit, behind Q1, Q3 and Q4(b).
Programmes that include BPSE-146 Conflict Resolution and Peace Building
BPSE-146 is printed on the paper for two IGNOU programmes: BAG and BAPSH.
- Bachelor of Arts (General), BAG: learners with Political Science as a discipline take BPSE-146 as an elective.
- Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Political Science, BAPSH: honours learners take it as one of their Political Science electives.
The course is 6 credits in both, and the same term-end paper is set for both groups. Honours learners can see the full course list on our IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Political Science page.
How to get the full BPSE-146 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
Message 9899436384 on WhatsApp and we will share the full IGNOU BPSE-146 Solved Question Paper June 2026 with all 8 questions answered.
The file holds the 2 answers you read here plus the 6 that are not shown: Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6 and Q8. Because Q4 and Q8 carry two short notes each, that is 10 written answers in total.
Send us the course code BPSE 146 and your programme, BAG or BAPSH. Our team replies on WhatsApp with the file details and the next step. If you are preparing other Political Science courses in the same session, mention their codes in the same message.
BPSE-146 FAQs
Does the BPSE-146 solved paper cover the June 2026 exam?
Yes, it is built on the official June 2026 term-end paper of BPSE-146. Every one of the 8 printed questions is answered, including both parts of the short-note questions Q4 and Q8. Question text is kept as IGNOU printed it, so you can match each answer to the paper you sat or will revise from for the December 2026 session.
How many BPSE-146 answers can I read on this page?
You can read 2 complete BPSE-146 answers here: Q1 on the role of civil society and Q7 on Gandhi's views on conflict resolution. Both are about 400 words, the length the paper asks for. The other 6 questions are listed with their exact wording, but their answers sit in the full file only, which you can get on WhatsApp.
How do I get the full BPSE-146 file on WhatsApp?
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 with the code BPSE 146 and your programme, BAG or BAPSH. The full file answers all 8 questions of the June 2026 paper, which works out to 10 written answers because Q4 and Q8 each have two short notes. Our team replies with the file details and how to receive it.
How many questions must I attempt in the BPSE-146 exam?
You must attempt 5 of the 8 questions in the BPSE-146 paper, choosing at least 2 from Section I and at least 2 from Section II. Each question carries 20 marks, so the paper totals 100 marks in 3 hours and about 2,000 words. Full questions need about 400 words, while each short-note part needs about 200 words.
Can I answer four questions from one section of BPSE-146?
No. Each section prints four questions and the paper requires at least two answers from each, so with five answers in total the only possible splits are three from one section and two from the other. If the four topics you have prepared all sit in Section I, you will be able to use only three of them and will still need two from Section II. Check that your revision covers at least three questions in one section.
Which BPSE-146 topics repeat most in IGNOU papers?
Counting the seven earlier papers from June 2022 to December 2025, the meaning of peace and positive peace, and the role of the UN and international organisations, each appeared in four. Civil society, conflict escalation, peace building, types of conflict, sources of conflict, the concept of conflict, violent versus non-violent conflict and interfaith dialogue each appeared in three. June 2024 was not available on IGNOU's sites, so it is not counted.
Does BPSE-146 ask different topics in June and December?
On the evidence of eight papers, yes, and the split is unusually clear. Civil society and types and levels of conflict have been set in all four June papers and in none of the four December papers. The role of the state has appeared in three June papers and no December one. In the other direction, interfaith dialogue and peace initiative models, which make up the whole of Block 4, have appeared in three December papers and no June paper. So if you are sitting a December exam, revise Block 4 and the meaning of peace, and do not assume the June question set will repeat.
Which BPSE-146 topics were skipped in June 2026?
Six of the twelve we track. The two most repeated themes on the course were both absent: the meaning of peace and positive peace, and the role of the UN and international organisations, each set in four of the seven earlier papers. Sources of conflict, the concept and definition of conflict, violent versus non-violent conflicts, and interfaith dialogue were also left out. Block 4 produced no question at all, and neither did Unit 7 on international institutions.
Which programmes study BPSE-146 Conflict Resolution and Peace Building?
BPSE-146 is studied in two IGNOU programmes printed on the paper: Bachelor of Arts (General), BAG, and Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Political Science, BAPSH. It is a 6-credit Political Science course in both. Learners of both programmes sit the same term-end paper, so this one solved file works for either group without any change.
Are the BPSE-146 answers written in English?
Yes, the BPSE-146 solved file is written in simple English, using the terms from the IGNOU units such as positive peace, Track II diplomacy and satyagraha. Answers follow an introduction, numbered points and conclusion layout, so they are easy to revise and reproduce in the exam. The question paper itself is bilingual, but our answers are in English.
Who wrote and reviewed the BPSE-146 solved answers?
The BPSE-146 answers were written by Prateek Talwar, Academic Head of Unnati Educations, and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola before release. Every name, date and framework was checked against the eGyanKosh units and primary sources rather than repeated from another website, and each answer carries its block and unit reference so you can verify it yourself.
About the authors
This BPSE-146 solved paper was written and reviewed by the Unnati Educations social sciences team, which has prepared IGNOU Political Science answer sets since 2016.
- Prateek Talwar, Academic Head, Unnati Educations. He wrote all ten answers for this paper. He has worked on IGNOU Political Science and peace studies material for over nine years and has prepared term-end answer sets across the BPSC, BPSE and BPAC course lists.
- Sheetal Kirola, Reviewer. She checked every answer against the eGyanKosh units and the seven earlier official BPSE-146 papers, verified the dates and named frameworks in both sample answers, including the Paffenholz and Spurk functions of civil society and the Champaran and Ahmedabad cases, and confirmed that each answer matches the word limit printed on its question.
Our answers are written from the official IGNOU course material and past question papers, not copied from other websites. If you find an error on this page, message us on WhatsApp and we will correct it and reissue the file.