BSOG-173 Solved Question Paper June 2026: complete answers to all 8 questions of the Rethinking Development Term-End Examination, from inclusive development to the difference between growth and development.
BSOG-173 Rethinking Development key facts, June 2026
- Course code: BSOG-173
- Course title: Rethinking Development
- Course type: Generic Elective (GE) in Sociology
- Programmes: BAG, BCOMG, BSCG (IGNOU CBCS paper folder); paper header prints B.A. (Honours) Sociology (BASOH); BAM [VERIFY]
- Credits: 6
- Blocks and units: 4 blocks, 14 units (eGyanKosh)
- Exam session: Term-End Examination, June 2026
- Maximum marks: 100
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the paper: 8 (answer any five, about 400 words each)
- Marks split: Q1 to Q7, 20 each; Q8, 10 + 10. 160 marks printed, 100 attempted
- Printed word limit: about 400 words per 20-mark answer, 20 words per mark
- Sample answers on this page: 2 (Q1 and Q3)
- Answers in the full file: All 8 (6 of them not shown on this page)
- Language of answers: English
- How to get it: WhatsApp 9899436384
What the BSOG-173 Solved Question Paper June 2026 covers
BSOG-173 Rethinking Development is a Generic Elective in Sociology that IGNOU offers to Bachelor of Arts (General), Bachelor of Commerce (General) and Bachelor of Science (General) learners. It asks one big question: is development only economic growth, or is it something wider? The June 2026 paper tests that question through theory, Indian examples and policy debates.
The IGNOU BSOG-173 Question Paper for June 2026 is balanced across the course. Two questions come from Block 4 (inclusive development and migration), two from Block 3 (social development and Sen's freedom approach), two from Block 2 (world systems and modernisation), one from Block 1 (measures of development) and the last asks for two distinctions. Our file answers each one in the length the paper asks for.
On this page you can read two answers in full, see the exact text of the other six questions, check which topics have repeated since 2022 and see how each answer maps to the eGyanKosh units.
8 questions × 20 marks = 160 marks printed; any 5 × 20 = 100 attempted. 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 8 questions by block. 180 minutes ÷ 5 = 36 minutes per answer.
BSOG-173 sample answers: inclusive development and development as freedom
Two complete BSOG-173 answers are shown below, Question 1 on inclusive development with SEWA as a grassroot example and Question 3 on Amartya Sen's 'development as freedom'.
Both answers are close to the 400 words the paper asks for and follow the layout examiners reward: a clear definition, explained points with headings, an example and a short conclusion.
Short note in both 2025 papers, full question now Block 4, Unit 14 20 marks
Question 1 (20 marks)
Q1. What do you understand by 'inclusive development'? Substantiate your answer with an example of grassroot[s] initiative towards inclusive development. 20
Meaning of inclusive development
Inclusive development is a pattern of growth in which the gains of economic progress reach every section of society, and in which the poor and the marginalised take part in shaping that progress. It moves the question from "how fast is the economy growing?" to "who gains from growth and who is left out?". The idea gained ground once it became clear that high GDP growth can sit beside rising inequality, jobless growth and social exclusion.
Main features
- Equity of opportunity: fair access to education, health, credit and work for women, Dalits, Adivasis, minorities and persons with disabilities.
- Participation: poor people are partners in decisions that affect them, not passive receivers of welfare.
- Productive employment: growth must create decent livelihoods, not only higher output.
- Social protection: safety nets for those who cannot compete in the market.
- Sustainability: today's gains should not use up the resources that future generations need.
In India, the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) made "faster and more inclusive growth" its central aim. Rights-based schemes such as the rural employment guarantee under MGNREGA (2005) and financial inclusion drives reflect the same thinking: growth is judged by how widely it is shared.
Grassroot example: SEWA
The Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) is one of the best-known grassroot initiatives towards inclusive development. Ela Bhatt founded it in Ahmedabad in 1972 as a trade union of poor women in the informal economy, such as street vendors, home-based workers, head-loaders and farm labourers. These women had no employer, no fixed wage and no social security.
SEWA shows inclusion in practice in four ways:
- Voice: women who were invisible in labour statistics organised as a union and gained bargaining power with traders, contractors and local authorities.
- Financial inclusion: SEWA Bank, set up in 1974, gave savings and credit to women whom formal banks had turned away.
- Livelihood and security: producer cooperatives, health care, childcare and insurance services reduced the risks of informal work.
- Leadership: members run their own cooperatives and union bodies, so participation is built into the structure.
Conclusion
Inclusive development is growth with equity and participation. SEWA proves that when the poorest workers organise, they become partners in development rather than its beneficiaries, which is exactly what the inclusive approach demands.
Sen: 5 of 8 earlier papers Block 3, Unit 11 20 marks
Question 3 (20 marks)
Q3. Critically discuss the idea of 'development as freedom'. 20
Introduction
Amartya Sen, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998, set out the idea of 'development as freedom' in his book Development as Freedom (1999). He defines development as the process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. This rejects narrow views that equate development with growth of GNP, rising incomes, industrialisation or technical progress. Income matters, but only as a means to a fuller life.
Core ideas
- Capabilities and functionings: functionings are what a person actually is or does (being nourished, reading, taking part in community life); capabilities are the real options a person has to achieve them.
- Removing unfreedoms: poverty, tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities and repressive states all shrink freedom.
- Two roles of freedom: freedom is the primary end of development (constitutive role) and also its principal means (instrumental role).
Sen names five instrumental freedoms that strengthen one another: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities (schooling and health care), transparency guarantees and protective security. His well-known example is that no major famine has occurred in a functioning democracy with a free press, because governments that face elections and criticism act to prevent starvation.
The approach also shaped the Human Development Index, launched by the UNDP in 1990 under Mahbub ul Haq with Sen's involvement, which measures progress through life expectancy, education and income together.
Critical discussion
Strengths: the approach is people-centred and multidimensional, treats people as agents rather than patients, and links democracy, rights and welfare to development. It explains why some regions with modest incomes achieve high literacy and long lives.
Criticisms:
- Vagueness: Sen refuses to list the capabilities that matter. Martha Nussbaum responded with a list of ten central capabilities.
- Measurement: freedoms are hard to observe and compare, so policy often falls back on income-type indicators.
- Individualism: critics from Marxist and dependency traditions argue that it underplays class, caste, gender structures and global power that limit freedom.
- Liberal bias: some see a Western liberal idea of the good life in it, and it says little about choosing between freedoms that conflict or about ecological limits.
Conclusion
Development as freedom widened the meaning of development from economic growth to human flourishing. Its gaps on structure and measurement remain, yet it is now the base of the human development approach used across the world.
Hall length: this answer runs to about 440 words. If time is short, drop the HDI paragraph and keep two criticisms.
Questions answered only in the full file
Q2. With reference to push and pull factors, discuss the causes and consequences of migration. 20
Q4. What do you understand by 'social development'? Explain. 20
Q5. Discuss the world systems theory. 20
Q6. Examine the different measures of development. 20
Q7. What do you understand by 'moderization' [modernization]? Explain. 20
Q8. Distinguish between the following: 10 + 10
(a) Over-urbanization and suburbanization
(b) Growth and development
Question 2 needs push and pull factors set against outcomes for both source and destination areas, and Question 5 asks you to place core, semi-periphery and periphery in one argument. These six answers, with the two above, make up the full file.
BSOG-173 Rethinking Development syllabus: 4 blocks and 14 units
BSOG-173 Rethinking Development has 4 blocks and 14 units on eGyanKosh: Unpacking Development, Theorising Development, Developmental Regimes in India and Issues in Development Praxis.
The table follows the official course material on eGyanKosh, IGNOU's course page for BSOG-173 Rethinking Development. Block 2 is the heaviest, with six units of theory, and it supplied two of the eight June 2026 questions.
| Block | Unit | Unit title | Topics to prepare |
|---|---|---|---|
| Block 1: Unpacking Development | Unit 1 | Understanding Development | Meaning and definition of development; its dimensions; how growth, change and progress differ |
| Block 1: Unpacking Development | Unit 2 | Factors and Instruments of Development | Political, economic and socio-cultural factors; instruments such as planning, state and market |
| Block 1: Unpacking Development | Unit 3 | Developed, Developing and Underdeveloped | How developed and underdeveloped countries differ; basic needs approach; Human Development Index |
| Block 2: Theorising Development | Unit 4 | Modernisation, Urbanisation and Industrialisation | Modernisation paradigm; urbanisation as a process; industrialisation and social change |
| Block 2: Theorising Development | Unit 5 | Perspectives on Development | Neoliberal view; alternative development; anti-development critique |
| Block 2: Theorising Development | Unit 6 | World System Theory | Wallerstein's core, semi-periphery and periphery; origin of the capitalist world economy |
| Block 2: Theorising Development | Unit 7 | Human and Social Perspective | Human development approach; social perspective on human development; people as the centre of policy |
| Block 2: Theorising Development | Unit 8 | Environmental Perspective | Development and environment; sustainable development debate |
| Block 2: Theorising Development | Unit 9 | Feminist Perspective | Feminist critique of development policy; gender and development; indices of women's development |
| Block 3: Developmental Regimes in India | Unit 10 | Capitalism, Socialism and Mixed Economy | Capitalist, socialist and mixed paths of development; the 'three worlds of development'; approaches to social development |
| Block 3: Developmental Regimes in India | Unit 11 | Development as Freedom | Amartya Sen's capabilities and functionings; five instrumental freedoms |
| Block 4: Issues in Development Praxis | Unit 12 | Development, Migration and Displacement | Forms of migration; push and pull factors; development-induced displacement |
| Block 4: Issues in Development Praxis | Unit 13 | Livelihood and Sustainability | Rural livelihood options; links between livelihood and sustainability |
| Block 4: Issues in Development Praxis | Unit 14 | Grassroots Initiatives | Process of inclusive development; grassroots organisations such as SEWA |
Block 3 is short but scores well: Unit 10 on capitalism, socialism and the mixed economy and Unit 11 on development as freedom gave two of the June 2026 questions. For unit-wise reading, our BSOG-173 Study Material follows the same block order.
Blocks 2, 3 and 4 alone give six full answers (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, Q7), one to spare, so Block 1 could be skipped this session. Blocks 3 and 4 alone give four, one short. Q8 needs both Block 1 (growth vs development) and Block 2 (over-urbanisation).
BSOG-173 exam pattern: any five of eight questions
The BSOG-173 Question Paper for June 2026 has 8 questions of equal weight, and you answer any five in about 400 words each for a total of 100 marks in 3 hours.
| Part | What it asks | Marks | Expected length |
|---|---|---|---|
| Questions 1 to 7 | Long answer on a single topic (inclusive development, migration, Sen, social development, world systems, measures, modernisation) | 20 each | About 400 words |
| Question 8 | Two distinctions: over-urbanisation vs suburbanisation, growth vs development | 10 + 10 | About 200 words per part |
| Choice rule | Answer any five of the 8 questions; all questions carry equal marks | 5 × 20 = 100 | About 2,000 words in total |
| Time | One sitting of the Term-End Examination, June 2026 | Max. 100 | 3 hours |
Question 8 changed form across recent sessions. In June 2025 and December 2025 it was a short-note question with four options, and in June 2026 it became a pair of distinctions. If you pick Question 8, give each pair its own heading and two or three points of contrast.
Other courses of your programme follow the same any-five rule with different topics; our BAG Question Paper page lists them so you can plan the whole term.
Word limit check: 2,000 words ÷ 11.5 words a minute ≈ 174 minutes of writing, against 180 minutes. The printed length can be met, but it leaves about 6 minutes in total for reading and planning, so treat 400 words as a ceiling. Any 5 of 8 gives 56 legal combinations.
Which BSOG-173 topics repeat most?
Five BSOG-173 topics appeared in five of the last eight sessions: world system theory, Sen's capability approach, factors of development, the feminist critique and migration.
We counted these from eight official papers on IGNOU's website: June 2022, December 2022, June 2023, December 2023, June 2024, December 2024, June 2025 and December 2025. No session in that run is missing. A topic counts once per session, and short-note options are marked. The last column shows whether the topic came back in June 2026.
| Topic | Block and unit | Sessions asked | Count | In June 2026? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| World system theory and the capitalist world economy | Block 2, Unit 6 | Jun 2022, Dec 2022, Dec 2023, Dec 2024, Jun 2025 | 5 | Yes, Q5 |
| Amartya Sen: capability approach and development as freedom | Block 3, Unit 11 | Dec 2022, Jun 2024, Dec 2024, Jun 2025 (short note), Dec 2025 | 5 | Yes, Q3 |
| Factors of development (political, economic, socio-cultural) | Block 1, Unit 2 | Jun 2022, Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Dec 2024, Dec 2025 | 5 | No |
| Feminist critique, gender and development, eco-feminism | Block 2, Unit 9 | Jun 2022, Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Dec 2025 | 5 | No |
| Migration: forms, causes and push-pull factors | Block 4, Unit 12 | Jun 2022, Dec 2022, Dec 2023, Jun 2025 (short note), Dec 2025 (short note) | 5 | Yes, Q2 |
| Dependency theory of development | Block 2 | Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 4 | No |
| Modernisation and industrialisation | Block 2, Unit 4 | Jun 2023, Dec 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 4 | Yes, Q7 |
| Environment and sustainable development | Block 2, Unit 8 | Jun 2022, Jun 2024, Dec 2024, Jun 2025 | 4 | No |
| Meaning, connotations and dimensions of development | Block 1, Unit 1 | Jun 2022, Dec 2022, Jun 2023, Dec 2023 | 4 | No |
| Growth, change, progress and development compared | Block 1, Unit 1 | Jun 2024, Dec 2024, Jun 2025 (short note) | 3 | Yes, Q8(b) |
| Displacement and development | Block 4, Unit 12 | Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Dec 2025 (short note) | 3 | No |
| Inclusive development and grassroot initiatives (incl. SEWA) | Block 4, Unit 14 | Jun 2023, Jun 2025 (short note), Dec 2025 (short note) | 3 | Yes, Q1 |
| Global indices for women's development | Block 2, Unit 9 | Dec 2022, Dec 2024, Jun 2025 | 3 | No |
| Approaches to social development | Block 3, Unit 10 | Dec 2022, Jun 2023 | 2 | Yes, Q4 |
Seven of the eight June 2026 questions sit on topics from this table, Q8 through its growth-versus-development half. The odd one out is Question 6 on measures of development, which is new in that form but close to the women's development indices asked three times. For more practice on likely questions, see our IGNOU Solved Guess Paper.
Hit rate: 7 of the 14 tracked topics came back in June 2026 = 50%. Six came back as full 20-mark questions; growth versus development came back only as a 10-mark half of Q8. Of the five topics tied at the top, three came back and two, factors of development and the feminist critique, did not.
Short notes became full questions. Migration and inclusive development were short-note options in both June 2025 and December 2025, and both came back as full 20-mark questions in June 2026 (Q2 and Q1). Displacement was a December 2025 short note and has not yet made that move.
The skipped topics and the empty units agree. June 2026 used 8 of the 14 units. Factors of development (Unit 2), the feminist critique and women's indices (Unit 9) and environment (Unit 8) were all skipped, and all three units gave nothing. Units 5, 7 and 13 also gave nothing.
June and December papers compared
The eight earlier papers split evenly, four June and four December, and no topic leans fully to one side.
| Topic | June papers (of 4) | December papers (of 4) |
|---|---|---|
| World system theory | 2 | 3 |
| Sen's capability approach | 2 | 3 |
| Factors of development | 2 | 3 |
| Feminist critique | 3 | 2 |
| Migration | 2 | 3 |
| Dependency theory | 2 | 2 |
| Modernisation | 2 | 2 |
| Environment and sustainable development | 3 | 1 |
| Meaning of development | 2 | 2 |
| Growth, change and progress | 2 | 1 |
| Displacement | 1 | 2 |
| Inclusive development | 2 | 1 |
| Women's development indices | 1 | 2 |
| Social development | 1 | 1 |
Every topic has appeared in both sessions, so the session does not decide what comes next. The two samples on this page are equally useful for a June or a December attempt.
Topics to revise first for December 2026
The most-asked topics that June 2026 skipped, sitting in units it left empty, come first.
- Factors of development (Unit 2): 5 of 8 earlier papers, and in every December paper since December 2023. Skipped in June 2026, unit empty. The top pick.
- Feminist critique of development (Unit 9): 5 of 8 earlier papers, skipped, unit empty. Its sister topic, women's development indices, is 3 of 8 and sits in the same unit.
- Dependency theory: 4 of 8, asked in both 2023 papers and both 2025 papers, skipped in June 2026.
- Environment and sustainable development (Unit 8): 4 of 8, skipped, unit empty.
- Displacement (Unit 12): 3 of 8, last seen as a December 2025 short note. Migration and inclusive development took the same short-note-to-full-question path into June 2026.
- Meaning of development (Unit 1): 4 of 8, but not asked since December 2023, so it ranks last.
How the BSOG-173 answers are written and checked
Every BSOG-173 answer is written from the eGyanKosh blocks, checked against eight earlier papers and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola before it goes into the file.
Our team took the official June 2026 BSOG-173 paper and wrote each answer to the 400-word length it asks for. We first studied how IGNOU framed the same topic before, for example dependency theory four times since 2023, so each answer covers the angles examiners keep returning to.
Facts are kept checkable: Sen's book is dated 1999, his Nobel Prize 1998, SEWA's founding 1972 and SEWA Bank 1974. Where a theory has critics, such as Nussbaum on Sen or dependency writers on modernisation, the answer names them so you can write a balanced 'critically discuss' answer.
The file is written and edited by Prateek Talwar, Academic Head of Unnati Educations, who has counselled IGNOU students since 2016.
Every answer is then reviewed by Sheetal Kirola (M.Ed.), who has 7 years of experience in guiding learners.
BSOG-173 solved file index: on this page and in the file
The BSOG-173 June 2026 file has 8 answers; 2 are open on this page and 6 are in the full file only.
| Question | Topic | Block and unit | Marks | Where to read it |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Inclusive development with a grassroot example | Block 4, Unit 14 | 20 | On this page |
| Q2 | Migration: push and pull factors, causes and consequences | Block 4, Unit 12 | 20 | Full file only |
| Q3 | Development as freedom (critical discussion) | Block 3, Unit 11 | 20 | On this page |
| Q4 | Meaning of social development | Block 3, Unit 10 | 20 | Full file only |
| Q5 | World systems theory | Block 2, Unit 6 | 20 | Full file only |
| Q6 | Measures of development | Block 1 | 20 | Full file only |
| Q7 | Modernisation | Block 2, Unit 4 | 20 | Full file only |
| Q8 | Over-urbanisation vs suburbanisation; growth vs development | Block 2, Unit 4 and Block 1, Unit 1 | 10+10 | Full file only |
Practice with the paper itself also helps. Our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper section collects earlier sessions so you can time yourself on five answers in 3 hours.
Programmes that include BSOG-173 Rethinking Development
BSOG-173 Rethinking Development is a Sociology Generic Elective taken mainly by IGNOU BAG, BCOMG and BSCG learners.
- IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (General) (BAG): eGyanKosh lists BSOG-173 under BAG, and IGNOU hosts its papers in the BAG, BCOMG and BSCG CBCS folder.
- Bachelor of Commerce (General) (BCOMG) and Bachelor of Science (General) (BSCG): same CBCS paper folder.
- B.A. (Honours) Psychology (BAPCH): eGyanKosh files BSOG-173 as a Semester III Generic Elective.
- B.A. (Honours) Sociology (BASOH): printed on the June 2026 paper header.
- Bachelor of Arts (Multidisciplinary) (BAM): [VERIFY: confirm in the BAM programme guide].
The same paper is set for all these learners, so this solved file fits every programme above.
Get the full BSOG-173 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
The full BSOG-173 June 2026 file, with all 8 answers, is available only on WhatsApp at 9899436384.
Send a message to 9899436384 with the course code BSOG 173 and the session June 2026. Our team replies with the file details and how to receive it. The file holds the 2 answers you read above and the 6 answers that are not on this page, including world systems theory, migration and the Question 8 distinctions.
If you are preparing for the next Term-End Examination, the IGNOU BSOG-173 Solved Question Paper is also a strong revision base, because most of its topics have been asked in earlier sessions too.
BSOG-173 Rethinking Development FAQs
How do I get the full BSOG-173 Solved Question Paper June 2026?
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 and ask for the BSOG 173 June 2026 solved file. The full file has answers to all 8 questions of the paper, including the 2 answers shown on this page and the 6 answers that are only in the file. Our team replies with the file details and the next steps. Each answer is written in about 400 words, as the paper asks.
How many questions are there in the BSOG-173 June 2026 question paper?
The BSOG-173 June 2026 paper has 8 questions and you must answer any five in about 400 words each. Questions 1 to 7 carry 20 marks each. Question 8 asks you to distinguish two pairs of concepts, over-urbanisation and suburbanisation, and growth and development, for 10 marks each. The paper is of 100 marks and the time allowed is 3 hours.
Which BSOG-173 Rethinking Development topics are asked most often?
In the eight official BSOG-173 papers from June 2022 to December 2025, five topics appeared in five sessions each: world system theory, Amartya Sen's capability approach, factors of development, the feminist critique of development and migration. Dependency theory, modernisation, sustainable development and the meaning of development followed with four sessions each. Three of the five leaders came back in June 2026.
Is BSOG-173 Rethinking Development a hard paper to pass?
BSOG-173 is manageable if you prepare the theory units well. The paper offers 8 questions and asks for only five, so you have choice. Most questions come from a small set of theories and debates, such as world system theory, modernisation, dependency and Sen's freedom approach. Students who prepare these well, with clear definitions and examples, usually find the paper easier than they feared.
Which programmes study BSOG-173 Rethinking Development?
BSOG-173 is a Generic Elective in Sociology. IGNOU hosts its papers in the CBCS folder for BAG, BCOMG and BSCG, and eGyanKosh lists it under the Bachelor of Arts (General) and as a Semester III Generic Elective for BA (Honours) Psychology. The June 2026 paper header itself prints B.A. (Honours) Sociology (BASOH). Check your own programme guide before choosing it.
Can I write BSOG-173 answers in Hindi?
Yes, the BSOG-173 question paper is printed in both English and Hindi, and IGNOU generally lets bachelor's students write in either medium. Our solved file is written in English. Whichever language you choose, write the same answer in one medium only and keep the structure of definition, main points, example and conclusion, which examiners look for in a 20-mark answer.
Are the BSOG-173 answers on this page written by experts?
Yes. Both BSOG-173 sample answers on this page were written by our subject team after studying the eGyanKosh blocks of Rethinking Development and the official papers from June 2022 to December 2025. Prateek Talwar wrote and edited the file and Sheetal Kirola (M.Ed.) checked it. Facts such as dates, names and book titles were checked before publishing.
How long should a BSOG-173 answer be in the exam?
Each BSOG-173 answer should be about 400 words, as the paper instructs. For Question 8, split this into two parts of about 200 words each, one for each pair. A good 20-mark answer has a short definition, four or five explained points with headings, one Indian example and a two-line conclusion. Our solved answers follow this same length and layout.
Who wrote and reviewed this page
This page was prepared by the Unnati Educations sociology team, which writes solved papers, guess papers and study notes for IGNOU BAG, BCOMG and BSCG learners taking Sociology electives, including BSOE-141, BSOE-142, BSOE-144 and BSOE-146.
Prateek Talwar, Academic Head, wrote the answers and led the analysis on this page: the June-against-December split over the eight earlier papers, which showed no topic leaning to one session; the finding that migration and inclusive development moved from short notes in both 2025 papers to full questions in June 2026; the unit check showing the empty Units 2, 8 and 9 match the skipped topics; the block arithmetic showing Block 1 could be skipped; the correction of the topic count from six to seven of the eight questions; and the December 2026 shortlist.
Sheetal Kirola, M.Ed., with seven years' experience, reviewed the page. She checked Sen's Nobel Prize (1998), Development as Freedom (1999) and its five instrumental freedoms, the 1990 launch of the Human Development Index under Mahbub ul Haq, Nussbaum's ten central capabilities, SEWA's founding by Ela Bhatt in 1972 and SEWA Bank in 1974, the Eleventh Plan's inclusive-growth aim and MGNREGA (2005), the 14-unit structure, and the session lists in all 14 repeat-table rows.