BSOC-108 Solved Question Paper June 2026 is our complete answer file for IGNOU's BSOC-108 Economic Sociology, a 6-credit core course of the BA (Honours) Sociology (BASOH) programme.
BSOC-108 Economic Sociology key facts for the June 2026 solved paper
- Course code: BSOC-108
- Course title: Economic Sociology
- Programme: BA (Honours) Sociology (BASOH), core course; every paper from 2021 to 2026 is printed under BASOH
- Credits: 6
- Blocks / units: 4 blocks and 13 units (3 + 2 + 6 + 2)
- Maximum marks: 100
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the paper: 8 essay questions of 20 marks; attempt any 5
- Choice rule: any 5 of 8; no compulsory question, no section split
- Marks split: 8 × 20 = 160 printed; 5 × 20 = 100 attempted
- Printed word limit: about 400 words per answer
- Assessment weightage: term-end exam 70%, three assignments 30%
- Samples shown on this page: 2 (Q1 and Q8)
- Answers in the paid file: All 8, including 6 not shown on this page
What the BSOC-108 Solved Question Paper June 2026 covers
The June 2026 paper ranges across the whole course. It opens with globalisation and development from top versus bottom, moves through the division of labour, peasant economy, transhumance, money as a store of value and gift giving, and ends with Mark Granovetter's place in New Economic Sociology. You answer any five.
This IGNOU BSOC-108 Solved Question Paper is built for revision as much as for reading. Four of the eight June 2026 questions closely repeat questions from June 2025 and December 2025, so preparing from this file also covers what IGNOU asked in the two sessions before it.
Each answer follows the paper's instruction of about 400 words: a definition, explained points, a thinker's name where the unit uses one, an Indian example and a short conclusion. The two answers below show exactly that standard.
BSOC-108 sample answers: globalisation and Granovetter
Two BSOC-108 answers are printed in full below, Q1 on globalisation and Q8 on Mark Granovetter; the other 6 questions are listed with their question text only.
We chose these two because they show both halves of the course: a contemporary issues question that IGNOU repeated word for word from June 2025, and a theory question on New Economic Sociology. Both answers were written by our team, since the official paper carries questions only.
Question 1 (20 marks)
Q1 20 marks Block 4, Unit 13 Repeats June 2025 Q8 word for word
What do you understand by 'globalization'? Outline its merits and demerits. 20
Globalisation is the process through which economies, societies and cultures across the world become closely connected through flows of goods, capital, people, technology and ideas. Anthony Giddens describes it as the intensification of worldwide social relations, so that local happenings are shaped by events occurring far away, and the reverse. Economic sociology treats it as a change in how work, trade and consumption are socially organised, not only as a rise in exports.
The present phase gathered speed in the 1980s and 1990s with market-oriented reforms, the end of the Cold War, cheaper communication and the setting up of the World Trade Organization in 1995. India joined this process through the New Economic Policy of 1991, built on liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation (LPG).
Merits of globalisation
- Growth of trade and investment: foreign direct investment and wider export markets have raised output in sectors such as automobiles, pharmaceuticals and software.
- New employment: information technology, business process outsourcing, telecom and organised retail created jobs for educated young people in cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Gurugram.
- Technology and consumer choice: mobile phones, the internet and imported goods reached ordinary households at competitive prices.
- Mobility and remittances: study and work abroad grew, and money sent home by migrants supports many families in Kerala, Punjab and other states.
- Exchange of services and ideas: medical tourism, international education and cultural contact have made Indian hospitals, universities and media part of global networks.
Demerits of globalisation
- Rising inequality: gains have gone mostly to skilled, urban and English-speaking groups, widening gaps between regions and classes.
- Agrarian distress: farmers face global price swings and costly inputs, while small cultivators find it hard to compete.
- Informal and insecure work: contract labour, outsourcing and gig work have grown, often without social security.
- Pressure on small industries: cottage and small-scale units struggle against cheap imports and large firms.
- Cultural homogenisation: global brands and consumerist lifestyles can weaken local crafts, languages and food habits.
- Environmental strain: faster extraction of resources and industrial expansion add to pollution and ecological damage.
Sociologists also note that global flows are reworked locally. Roland Robertson's idea of glocalisation captures how global products and ideas are adapted to local tastes, as when international food chains change their menus for Indian customers.
In conclusion, globalisation is neither wholly good nor wholly harmful. Its outcomes depend on how states, communities and markets mediate it. The sociological lesson is that global markets need social protection, education and fair regulation if their benefits are to reach the majority rather than a few.
Length check: this answer runs to about 420 words, past the printed 400 and above the 340 to 370 words a 31-minute hand-written answer allows. It is written for revision. In the hall, keep the definition with Giddens, the 1991 reforms, four merits and four demerits, and the conclusion; glocalisation and the remittance and cultural points are the first to drop.
Question 8 (20 marks)
Q8 20 marks Block 1, Unit 3 Asked only in June papers
Discuss Mark Granovetter's contribution to New Economic Sociology. 20
Mark Granovetter, an American sociologist at Stanford University, is the scholar most closely linked with New Economic Sociology (NES), the revival of sociological work on markets and economic life that began in the mid-1980s. His central claim is that economic action cannot be understood apart from the social relations in which it takes place.
The embeddedness argument. In his 1985 article 'Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness', published in the American Journal of Sociology, Granovetter argued that economic actions are embedded in concrete, ongoing systems of social relations, that is, in networks of personal ties between buyers, sellers, employers and workers.
Beyond under-socialised and over-socialised views. He criticised neoclassical economics for an under-socialised view of people as isolated, self-interested calculators, and Parsonian sociology for an over-socialised view of people as obedient followers of internalised norms. Both, he argued, ignore the actual relationships that shape economic decisions.
Trust and malfeasance. Granovetter asked why business runs on trust without constant cheating. His answer was that trust comes less from formal contracts or a general morality and more from personal relations and reputation inside networks. The same networks, he warned, can also make large frauds possible. On this basis he questioned Oliver Williamson's view that hierarchy inside firms is what mainly keeps economic order.
Reworking Polanyi. Karl Polanyi had held that pre-market economies were embedded in society while market economies became disembedded. Granovetter argued that embeddedness was weaker in simple societies than Polanyi suggested and remains strong in modern market societies.
The strength of weak ties. His 1973 paper 'The Strength of Weak Ties' and his 1974 book Getting a Job showed that people often find jobs through acquaintances rather than close friends, because weak ties bridge different social circles and carry new information. This became a founding idea of network analysis.
Building the field. With Richard Swedberg he edited The Sociology of Economic Life (1992), and he argued that economic institutions are social constructions shaped by networks, history and culture rather than by efficiency alone.
Critics such as Viviana Zelizer and Greta Krippner have said that a network focus can neglect culture, meaning and power. Even so, Granovetter gave NES its core concept and showed that markets are social structures, which is why his work is central to Economic Sociology.
Length check: this answer runs to about 380 words, inside the printed 400 and just above the 340 to 370 words a 31-minute hand-written answer allows. If time is short, keep the embeddedness argument with the 1985 article, the under- and over-socialised critique, trust and malfeasance, and weak ties; the Polanyi point and the field-building point can shrink to one line each.
Questions answered only in the full file
Q2 What is 'Development from top'? In what way does it differ from 'Development from bottom'? 20
Q3 Explain the functions of division of labour in production process. 20
Q4 Outlines [Outline] the main characteristics of the peasant economy. 20
Q5 Explain transhumance as a form of pastoralism. Give an explanation. 20
Q6 "Store of value is an important function of money." Discuss. 20
Q7 Explain the social dimensions of the 'gift giving' practice. 20
BSOC-108 Economic Sociology units behind the June 2026 paper
BSOC-108 Economic Sociology has 4 blocks and 13 units, moving from theory (Block 1) to exchange (Block 2), production systems (Block 3) and contemporary issues such as development and globalisation (Block 4).
The table lists each unit with the topics IGNOU has actually examined from it in the eight papers we checked. Block 3 on production systems carries six of the 13 units and, in June 2026, three of the eight questions: division of labour, peasant economy and transhumance.
| Block | Unit | Topics asked in term-end papers |
|---|---|---|
| Block 1 Introduction to Economic Sociology | Unit 1 Society, Culture and Economy | Weber and Durkheim on economy and society; culture and economy |
| Block 1 Introduction to Economic Sociology | Unit 2 Formalism and Substantivism | Polanyi's substantivism; the self-regulating market as a myth |
| Block 1 Introduction to Economic Sociology | Unit 3 New Economic Sociology | Granovetter's embeddedness; meaning of NES |
| Block 2 Forms of Exchange | Unit 4 Reciprocity and Gift | Forms of reciprocity; Mauss on the gift; social dimensions of gift giving |
| Block 2 Forms of Exchange | Unit 5 Exchange and Money | Evolution of money; store of value and other functions |
| Block 3 Systems of Production, Circulation and Consumption | Unit 6 Hunting and Gathering | Features of hunter-gatherers in India; their political organisation |
| Block 3 Systems of Production, Circulation and Consumption | Unit 7 Pastoralists and Horticulturist | Forms of pastoralism and transhumance; divisions of horticulture |
| Block 3 Systems of Production, Circulation and Consumption | Unit 8 Domestic Mode of Production | Domestic mode of production and its politics; division of labour |
| Block 3 Systems of Production, Circulation and Consumption | Unit 9 Peasant Economy | Characteristics of peasant economy; stages of peasant movements |
| Block 3 Systems of Production, Circulation and Consumption | Unit 10 Capitalism | Salient features of capitalism; role of competition |
| Block 3 Systems of Production, Circulation and Consumption | Unit 11 Socialism | Features and types of socialism; socialist model of development |
| Block 4 Some Contemporary Issues in Economic Sociology | Unit 12 Social Development | Meaning of social development; development from top and bottom |
| Block 4 Some Contemporary Issues in Economic Sociology | Unit 13 Globalization | Merits and demerits; impact on India; medical tourism |
For the unit texts alongside our answers, our BSOC-108 Study Material page brings the reading for this course together in one place.
Units: 3 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 13. June 2026 questions: Block 1 = 1, Block 2 = 2, Block 3 = 3, Block 4 = 2; total 8. Per unit, Blocks 2 and 4 gave one question for every unit, Block 3 one for every two, and Block 1 one for every three.
Unit coverage: 8 of 13 units fed a question (Units 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13). Units 1, 2, 6, 10 and 11 gave nothing. Half-units: Unit 4 gave gift giving but not the types of reciprocity, and Unit 8 gave division of labour but not the domestic mode of production itself.
Order: the paper ran almost backwards through the course, Q1 to Q8 through Units 13, 12, 8, 9, 7, 5, 4 and 3, the reverse of the unit-order layout seen on the BSOC-105, BSOC-113 and BSOC-134 June 2026 papers.
Block arithmetic: no pair of blocks gave more than exactly five questions. Blocks 3 and 4, Blocks 2 and 3, or Blocks 1, 2 and 4 each offered five with no margin, so a student needed three blocks to have any spare choice.
How the BSOC-108 June 2026 paper is set and marked
The BSOC-108 June 2026 paper sets 8 essay questions of 20 marks each, and you answer any five in about 400 words within 3 hours for 100 marks.
The BSOC-108 Question Paper has kept this format in every session from December 2021 to June 2026. There is no compulsory question and no section split, so the paper rewards depth over spread: a full answer on peasant economy earns exactly as much as one on Granovetter.
| Feature | June 2026 paper | What it means for BSOC-108 |
|---|---|---|
| Questions set | 8 | All 8 are essay questions; June 2026 spans Units 3 to 13 |
| Questions to answer | Any 5 | No compulsory question, so you can skip the theory-heavy Q8 or Q2 |
| Marks per question | 20 | Granovetter and peasant economy carry equal weight |
| Suggested length | About 400 words | Room for a definition, 5 to 8 points and one Indian example |
| Maximum marks | 100 | 5 answers × 20 marks |
| Time allowed | 3 hours | About 35 minutes per answer with reading time |
| Weightage in final result | Term-end exam 70%, assignments 30% | As stated in IGNOU's BSOC-108 assignment booklet |
To see the same format across earlier sessions, open our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper section and compare the BSOC-108 papers from 2021 onward.
Printed 8 × 20 = 160 marks; attempted 5 × 20 = 100. Three questions are spare.
Is 400 words achievable? 180 minutes ÷ 5 answers = 36 minutes each. Keep about 5 minutes per answer for reading and planning, and 31 minutes at 11 to 12 handwritten words a minute gives roughly 340 to 370 words. The printed 400 (20 words a mark) is a fair upper target and matches BSOC-101 and BSOC-103.
Money, pastoralism and modes of production top the BSOC-108 repeat list
Money, pastoralism and modes of production each appeared in 5 of the 8 BSOC-108 papers we checked, from December 2021 to June 2026.
We read every IGNOU BSOC-108 Question Paper we could open on IGNOU's own servers: December 2021, June 2022, June 2023, December 2023, June 2024, June 2025, December 2025 and June 2026. The December 2022 paper was not available, and the December 2024 file is a scanned image we could not read, so neither is counted.
In the table below, the count covers only the seven papers before June 2026, and June 2026 sits in its own column. Counted this way, modes of production leads alone at 5 of 7, and it was not asked in June 2026 beyond the division-of-labour question.
| Topic | Unit | Earlier sessions asked | Earlier papers (of 7) | In June 2026? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modes of production: domestic mode, relations of production, primitive communism | Unit 8 | Dec 2021, Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 5 | No (Q3 asks division of labour from the same unit) |
| Money: evolution, functions, role in market societies | Unit 5 | Dec 2021, Jun 2022, Jun 2023, Jun 2024 | 4 | Yes, Q6 |
| Pastoralism, including transhumance and problems of pastoralists | Unit 7 | Dec 2021, Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Dec 2025 | 4 | Yes, Q5 |
| Society and economy relationship (Weber, Durkheim, culture) | Unit 1 | Dec 2021, Jun 2022, Jun 2023, Jun 2025 | 4 | No |
| Formalism, substantivism and Polanyi's self-regulating market | Unit 2 | Jun 2022, Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Jun 2025 | 4 | No |
| Reciprocity and types of exchange | Unit 4 | Dec 2021, Jun 2022, Jun 2023, Jun 2024 | 4 | No |
| Socialism: features, types, socialist model of development | Unit 11 | Jun 2023, Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 4 | No |
| New Economic Sociology and Granovetter's embeddedness | Unit 3 | Jun 2022, Jun 2023, Jun 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q8 |
| Gift and gift giving (including Marcel Mauss) | Unit 4 | Jun 2022, Dec 2023, Jun 2024 | 3 | Yes, Q7 |
| Peasant economy and peasant movements | Unit 9 | Dec 2023, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q4 |
| Globalisation: impact on India, merits and demerits | Unit 13 | Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q1 |
| Capitalism: features and competition | Unit 10 | Dec 2021, Jun 2024, Dec 2025 | 3 | No |
| Hunting and gathering societies | Unit 6 | Dec 2021, Jun 2023, Jun 2025 | 3 | No |
| Development: social development, top versus bottom, Washington Consensus | Unit 12 | Dec 2023, Dec 2025 | 2 | Yes, Q2 |
Two patterns stand out. Globalisation has appeared in each of the last four papers, and June 2026 repeated the June 2025 globalisation question word for word. Peasant economy has appeared in four of the last six papers, counting the December 2025 question on peasant movements.
For likely questions across other courses as well, see our IGNOU Solved Guess Paper collection.
Hit rate: 7 of the 14 tracked topics came back in June 2026 = 50%, all as full 20-mark essays.
June 2026 skipped the topics with more history: the seven misses average 3.9 earlier appearances (5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3), while the seven it asked average 3.1 (4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2).
Two signals agree, seven for seven: every skipped topic sits in a dead or half-used unit. Society and economy (Unit 1), formalism and substantivism (Unit 2), hunting and gathering (Unit 6), capitalism (Unit 10) and socialism (Unit 11) are dead units; reciprocity (Unit 4) and modes of production (Unit 8) are the unasked halves of units that gave something else.
Session split (4 June and 3 December papers in the earlier window): New Economic Sociology scores 3 of 4 June and 0 of 3 December, and June 2026 asked it again, so it has never been set in December. Development scored 2 of 3 December and 0 of 4 June before June 2026 broke that run. Sample Q8 on Granovetter therefore serves a June attempt better than a December one; Q1 on globalisation serves both.
December 2026 shortlist: what June 2026 left out
- Modes of production (Unit 8). 5 of 7 earlier papers, the most-asked topic in BSOC-108, and in all three December papers read. June 2026 took only division of labour from this unit.
- Socialism (Unit 11). 4 of 7 earlier papers, in every paper from June 2023 to December 2025, and Unit 11 was dead in June 2026.
- Formalism, substantivism and Polanyi (Unit 2). 4 of 7 earlier papers; Unit 2 gave nothing in June 2026.
- Society and economy: Weber, Durkheim, culture (Unit 1). 4 of 7 earlier papers; Block 1 gave only the Granovetter question.
- Reciprocity and types of exchange (Unit 4). 4 of 7 earlier papers. June 2026 took gift giving from Unit 4 and left Sahlins's types of reciprocity.
- Capitalism (Unit 10) and hunting and gathering (Unit 6). 3 of 7 each, both dead units. Capitalism appeared in 2 of the 3 December papers.
Coverage: these come from Units 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 11. New Economic Sociology, though high in the overall count, has never been set in December.
How our Economic Sociology answers are written and checked
Every BSOC-108 answer in our file is written by our sociology subject team against the eGyanKosh units and reviewed by our reviewer before release.
Writers start from the unit each question comes from. The transhumance answer draws on the pastoralism unit, the store of value answer on the exchange and money unit, and the gift answer on the reciprocity unit. Thinkers such as Polanyi, Mauss, Sahlins and Granovetter appear only where the units discuss them.
You can check the unit list yourself on the official eGyanKosh page for BSOC-108 Economic Sociology.
Prateek Talwar, Academic Head of Unnati Educations, prepares the final file, and Sheetal Kirola, our reviewer, checks each answer for accuracy, length and structure. Answers to repeated questions are cross-checked, so the June 2026 globalisation answer also covers what June 2025 and December 2025 asked about India.
BSOC-108 solved file index: all 8 questions mapped to units
The BSOC-108 solved file contains answers to all 8 June 2026 questions: 2 are shown on this page and 6 are only in the full file.
| Question | Topic | Course unit | Where to read the answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Globalisation: meaning, merits and demerits | Unit 13 Globalization | On this page |
| Q2 | Development from top versus development from bottom | Unit 12 Social Development | Full file only |
| Q3 | Functions of division of labour in production | Block 3 (Units 8 and 10) | Full file only |
| Q4 | Characteristics of peasant economy | Unit 9 Peasant Economy | Full file only |
| Q5 | Transhumance as a form of pastoralism | Unit 7 Pastoralists and Horticulturist | Full file only |
| Q6 | Money as a store of value | Unit 5 Exchange and Money | Full file only |
| Q7 | Social dimensions of gift giving | Unit 4 Reciprocity and Gift | Full file only |
| Q8 | Granovetter and New Economic Sociology | Unit 3 New Economic Sociology | On this page |
Unit mapping follows the eGyanKosh unit titles. Q3 on division of labour draws on both the domestic mode of production and capitalism units, so we list Block 3 for it.
Preparing other papers of the same programme? Our BASOH Question Paper page lists the solved papers available for BA (Honours) Sociology courses.
Which IGNOU programmes study BSOC-108 Economic Sociology?
BSOC-108 Economic Sociology is a core course of IGNOU's BA (Honours) Sociology, programme code BASOH, and carries 6 credits.
IGNOU's assignment booklets for BSOC-108 describe it as a six-credit core course with three tutor-marked assignments, and every term-end paper from 2021 to 2026 is printed under BASOH. Assignments carry 30 per cent of the final result and the term-end exam 70 per cent.
Learners in IGNOU's Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Sociology programme take BSOC-108 as one of their core papers, so it counts directly towards the honours degree.
If your admit card shows a different sociology course code, this file is not for that course. Check the code before ordering, and ask us on WhatsApp if you are unsure.
Get the full BSOC-108 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 to get the full BSOC-108 Solved Question Paper with answers to all 8 June 2026 questions.
Tell us the course code BSOC 108 and the June 2026 session. Our team replies with the price and payment details, and the PDF reaches you on WhatsApp after payment. The file includes the 6 answers not shown here: development from top and bottom, division of labour, peasant economy, transhumance, money as a store of value and gift giving.
BSOC-108 Economic Sociology FAQs
How do I get the full BSOC-108 Solved Question Paper June 2026 on WhatsApp?
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 with the course code BSOC 108 and the June 2026 session. Our team replies with the price and payment details, and the PDF reaches you on WhatsApp after payment. The file has complete answers to all 8 questions of the paper, each written in about 400 words. Two of them, on globalisation and on Mark Granovetter, are already shown on this page.
How many questions are in the BSOC-108 June 2026 paper and how many must I answer?
The BSOC-108 June 2026 paper has 8 essay questions, and you must answer any five in about 400 words each. Every question carries 20 marks, so the paper totals 100 marks in 3 hours. There is no compulsory question and no section split, which means your choice of five topics decides your score. Choose the five you can define, explain and illustrate fully.
Which BSOC-108 Economic Sociology topics repeat most in IGNOU exams?
Money, pastoralism and modes of production are the most repeated BSOC-108 topics, each appearing in 5 of the 8 official papers we checked from December 2021 to June 2026. Globalisation, peasant economy, socialism, reciprocity, gift, formalism versus substantivism, New Economic Sociology and the society and economy relationship follow with four appearances each. Prepare these first, then add capitalism and development.
Did any BSOC-108 June 2026 questions repeat from earlier papers?
Yes. BSOC-108 June 2026 Q1 on globalisation repeats June 2025 Q8 word for word, and Q4 on the characteristics of peasant economy is almost the same as June 2025 Q6. Q5 on transhumance follows December 2025 Q5 on transhumant pastoralism, and Q3 on division of labour echoes December 2025 Q6. So four of the eight questions came from the previous two sessions.
Who writes and checks the BSOC-108 answers in your solved paper?
Our sociology subject team writes every BSOC-108 answer against the eGyanKosh units for Economic Sociology, and Prateek Talwar, Academic Head of Unnati Educations, prepares the final file. Sheetal Kirola, our reviewer, reviews each answer for accuracy, structure and length. Thinkers such as Polanyi, Mauss, Sahlins and Granovetter are named only where the course units discuss them, so the answers stay close to what examiners expect.
Which IGNOU programme includes BSOC-108 Economic Sociology?
BSOC-108 Economic Sociology is a core course of IGNOU's BA (Honours) Sociology programme, code BASOH, and it carries 6 credits. IGNOU's BSOC-108 assignment booklets describe it as a six-credit core course with three tutor-marked assignments. Assignments carry 30 per cent of the final result and the term-end exam 70 per cent, and every paper from 2021 to 2026 is printed under BASOH.
How long should each BSOC-108 answer be in the exam?
IGNOU asks for about 400 words per BSOC-108 answer, and each answer carries 20 marks. A strong answer opens with a clear definition, gives five to eight explained points with a thinker's name where the unit uses one, adds an Indian example such as the 1991 reforms or a pastoral community, and ends with a short conclusion. Writing far beyond 400 words rarely adds marks.
Is the BSOC-108 solved paper useful for the December 2026 exam?
Yes, the BSOC-108 solved paper is useful for December 2026 because IGNOU repeats this course heavily. Four June 2026 questions came from the two previous sessions, and globalisation has appeared in each of the last four papers. Studying all 8 answers covers money, pastoralism, peasant economy, gift, development and New Economic Sociology, which are among the most repeated topics since 2021.
Who prepared these BSOC-108 answers
The BSOC-108 answers on this page and in the full file were written by the Unnati Educations sociology team from the official June 2026 paper, the 13 eGyanKosh units of the course and seven earlier BSOC-108 papers from December 2021 to December 2025.
Prateek Talwar, Academic Head at Unnati Educations, led the analysis on this page: restating the repeat table over the seven earlier papers so modes of production leads alone at 5 of 7, showing that June 2026 skipped topics with more history (3.9 earlier appearances on average) than it asked (3.1), matching all seven skipped topics to five dead units and two half-used units, spotting that the paper ran backwards through the units, and building the December 2026 shortlist.
Sheetal Kirola reviewed the page. She checked every row of the repeat table against the sessions listed, the 3 + 2 + 6 + 2 unit structure and 160 printed marks, and the facts in both samples: Giddens's definition of globalisation, the WTO (1995) and India's 1991 reforms, Robertson's glocalisation, Granovetter's 1985 embeddedness article, 'The Strength of Weak Ties' (1973) and Getting a Job (1974), Williamson, Polanyi, The Sociology of Economic Life (1992) with Swedberg, and the Zelizer and Krippner critiques.