BSOE-143 Solved Question Paper June 2026 is our complete answer file for all 8 questions IGNOU set in BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology, a six-credit sociology elective of the Bachelor of Arts (General) programme.
BSOE-143 June 2026 key facts
- Course code: BSOE-143
- Course title: Environmental Sociology
- Programme: Bachelor of Arts (General), BAG; BA (Honours) Sociology, BASOH; BA (Major) Sociology, BAFSO
- Credits: 6 (IGNOU assignment booklets)
- Blocks and units: 4 blocks, 15 units (3 + 6 + 3 + 3)
- Maximum marks: 100
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the paper: 8 essay questions, attempt any 5 (20 marks each, about 400 words)
- Choice rule: any 5 of 8; no compulsory question, no short notes
- Marks split: 8 × 20 = 160 printed; 5 × 20 = 100 attempted
- Printed word limit: about 400 words per answer
- Paper language: English and Hindi in the same paper
- Assessment weightage: term-end exam 70%, assignments 30%
- Samples shown on this page: 2 (Questions 2 and 6)
- Questions in the paid file: All 8 answers, including 6 not shown on this page
- Exam session: June 2026 term-end examination
What the BSOE-143 Solved Question Paper June 2026 covers
The June 2026 paper asked about human and environment interaction, the ecological complex, social ecology, the treadmill of production, ecological modernisation, ecofeminism, gender and environment, and the colonial outlook on forests in India. Each answer in our file runs to about 400 words, the length printed on the paper.
One fact stands out. Six of the eight June 2026 questions repeat, almost word for word, questions from the December 2023 BSOE-143 Question Paper. Students who had practised the December 2023 set walked into June 2026 with most of the paper already rehearsed. Papers of the other BAG courses are grouped on our BAG Question Paper page if you want to practise more than one course.
On this page you can read two complete answers: Question 2 on the ecological complex and Question 6 on ecofeminism. The other six questions are listed with their exact wording, and their answers sit in the full file shared on WhatsApp.
BSOE-143 sample answers: ecological complex and ecofeminism
These two BSOE-143 answers show the depth, structure and thinker coverage of every answer in the full file.
Both questions come straight from the June 2026 paper, with IGNOU's own question numbers. Read them as a model of how a 20-mark Environmental Sociology answer should be built: definition, thinkers, explained points, an Indian example and a conclusion.
Question 2 (20 marks)
Q2 20 marks Block 1, Unit 3 Also asked December 2022 and December 2023
What do you understand by the term 'ecological complex'? Explain. 20
The ecological complex is a model from human ecology that explains a human community as a system of four interacting parts: Population, Organisation, Environment and Technology. It is often shortened to POET. The American sociologist Otis Dudley Duncan set it out in the late 1950s and early 1960s, building on the human ecology of Robert Park, Roderick McKenzie and Amos Hawley.
The four elements
- Population: the size, density, composition, growth and movement of a group.
- Organisation: the social arrangements a group uses to live together and use resources, such as the division of labour, markets, institutions and the state.
- Environment: the physical setting of land, water, air, climate and other species, which supplies resources and absorbs wastes.
- Technology: the tools, techniques and knowledge through which people turn the environment into goods and services.
Interdependence
The core claim is that no element acts alone. A change in one sets off changes in the other three, so the complex is always adjusting. Duncan illustrated this with smog in Los Angeles: a growing population, dependence on the motor car, a spread-out pattern of settlement and the still air of the basin together produced a pollution problem that no single factor can explain.
An Indian example is the Green Revolution in Punjab. High-yielding seeds, tube wells and fertilisers (technology), state procurement of wheat and rice (organisation) and a growing population to feed (population) raised output. The same mix has lowered groundwater tables and damaged soil (environment). Falling water tables then push farmers towards deeper bores and costlier pumps, which shows the loop at work.
Why it matters for environmental sociology
Mainstream sociology long treated the environment as a fixed backdrop. William Catton and Riley Dunlap called this the Human Exemptionalism Paradigm and argued, through their New Ecological Paradigm, that societies are bound by ecological limits. The ecological complex helped them show the environment as a variable that changes and acts back on society.
Dunlap and Catton later described the environment as a supply depot, a living space and a waste repository, three functions that compete with each other.
Limitations
Critics say the model is mechanical and treats society as a single unit. It says little about power, class, caste or gender, so it cannot explain why some groups capture resources while others live with the pollution. Political ecology and environmental justice studies fill this gap.
Conclusion
The ecological complex remains a useful starting point. It shows that environmental problems come from the interaction of people, institutions, tools and nature, and that lasting solutions must work on all four together.
Length check: this answer runs to about 430 words, past the printed 400 and above the 340 to 370 words a 31-minute hand-written answer allows. It is written for revision. In the hall, keep the POET definition with Duncan, the four elements, interdependence with one example (Los Angeles or Punjab, not both) and the limitations; the supply-depot line can go.
Question 6 (20 marks)
Q6 20 marks Block 2, Unit 8 Asked in every June paper, never in December
Critically explain the concept of ecofeminism. 20
Ecofeminism is a body of thought and activism that links the domination of women with the domination of nature. It argues that both grow from the same patriarchal way of seeing the world, so the freedom of women and the protection of nature must go together. The French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne coined the term in 1974 in her book Le Féminisme ou la Mort.
Main ideas
- Linked oppression: Western thought is built on pairs such as man and woman, culture and nature, reason and emotion, with the first ranked above the second. Val Plumwood, in Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (1993), showed how these dualisms justify control over both women and nature.
- Science and capitalism: Carolyn Merchant, in The Death of Nature (1980), argued that the scientific revolution replaced the image of the earth as a living mother with a picture of nature as dead matter to be used.
- Two strands: cultural ecofeminism stresses a special closeness between women and nature through care, while social ecofeminism places the link in work, property and the economy.
The Indian voice: Vandana Shiva
In Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India (1988), Vandana Shiva described nature as Prakriti, the feminine principle. She called Western, colonial development "maldevelopment" because it destroyed both forests and the knowledge of women who depended on them. She presented the Chipko women as protectors of forests that gave fuel, fodder and water. With Maria Mies she later wrote Ecofeminism (1993).
Critical evaluation
- Essentialism: it can suggest women are naturally closer to nature, which risks tying women to caring roles.
- One category of women: it overlooks class, caste and region. A landless Dalit woman and a landowning woman relate to a forest very differently.
- Romantic past: it tends to idealise pre-colonial India and ignore older hierarchies.
- Bina Agarwal's alternative: in "The Gender and Environment Debate: Lessons from India" (1992), Agarwal proposed feminist environmentalism. Women's stake in nature, she argued, comes from material reality: the gendered division of labour in collecting fuel, fodder and water, unequal rights to land and little say in decisions. Change therefore needs struggle over resources, not a return to a feminine principle.
- Chipko's history: historians such as Ramachandra Guha point out that men also took part in Chipko and that it had deep peasant roots.
Conclusion
Ecofeminism brought gender into environmental thinking and questioned development that harms both women and ecosystems. Its weakness is treating women as one group with a natural bond to nature. Read alongside Agarwal's material approach, it remains a strong lens for seeing why environmental damage falls hardest on poor rural women.
Length check: this answer runs to about 430 words, past the printed 400 and above the 340 to 370 words a 31-minute hand-written answer allows. It is written for revision. In the hall, keep the definition with d'Eaubonne, linked oppression, Vandana Shiva and at least three evaluation points including Agarwal, since the question says "critically"; the two-strands point and the Mies co-authorship line are the first to drop.
Questions answered only in the full file
These six June 2026 questions are answered in the paid PDF only. Wording is exactly as printed on the IGNOU paper.
Q1 Analyse the nature of human and environment interaction. 20
Q3 Describe the evolution of social ecology as a sub[-]discipline. 20
Q4 Explain the context for the emergence of treadmill theory of production. 20
Q5 Discuss the perspectives on ecological modernization. 20
Q7 Discuss the relationship between gender and environment. 20
Q8 Discuss [the] colonial outlook on forests in India. 20
BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology blocks and units
BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology has 4 blocks and 15 units, and Block 2, Approaches, alone holds 6 of those units and most of the exam questions.
The course material is published by IGNOU on eGyanKosh, starting with Block 1 of BSOE-143 on eGyanKosh. The table lists each block with its units and the topics IGNOU has actually asked from it in the papers we read.
| Block | Units | Topics seen in BSOE-143 papers |
|---|---|---|
| Block 1: Envisioning Environmental Sociology | Units 1 to 3: Nature and Scope; Realist-Constructionist Debate; Key Concepts | Emergence and focus of environmental sociology; human and environment interaction; the ecological complex |
| Block 2: Approaches | Units 4 to 9: Social Ecology; Treadmill of Production; Ecological Modernization; Risk; Ecofeminism and Feminist Environmentalism; Political Ecology | Social ecology and Radhakamal Mukerjee; Huber on ecological modernisation; Beck and Giddens on risk |
| Block 3: Environmental Issues and Concern | Units 10 to 12: Anthropocene and Climate Change; Pollution; Environmental Policy in India | The Anthropocene; water pollution in the lower Ganga; air pollution in India |
| Block 4: Environmental Movements in India | Units 13 to 15: Chipko; Narmada; Anti-mining and Seed movements | Narmada Bachao Andolan and Sardar Sarovar; Beej Bachao Andolan in Uttarakhand; colonial forest outlook |
The pattern is easy to read. Block 2 carries the paper: the treadmill of production, ecological modernisation, risk and political ecology together account for 17 of the 56 questions in the seven papers we checked. Blocks 3 and 4, on pollution, policy and movements such as Narmada, usually fill one or two slots.
Units: 3 + 6 + 3 + 3 = 15. June 2026 questions: Block 1 = 2 (Q1, Q2), Block 2 = 5 (Q3 to Q7), Blocks 3 and 4 = 1 (Q8); total 8.
Unit coverage: 7 of 15 units fed a question (Units 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and one of 12 or 13 for Q8). Unit 8 alone gave two (Q6 and Q7). Units 2, 7 (Risk), 9 (Political Ecology), 10, 11, 14 and 15 gave nothing. In Block 2, the two dead units are Risk and Political Ecology, the two Block 2 topics with the longest recent run in the repeat table.
Block arithmetic: Block 2 alone offered 5 questions, exactly the 5 you need, with no margin. Blocks 1 and 2 together offered 7, two to spare. Blocks 3 and 4 together, six units, offered one.
How the BSOE-143 June 2026 paper is set and marked
The BSOE-143 paper has 8 essay questions; you attempt any five in about 400 words each, for 100 marks in 3 hours.
| Feature | BSOE-143 June 2026 |
|---|---|
| Questions set | 8, all essay type |
| Questions to attempt | Any 5 |
| Marks per question | 20 |
| Word limit per answer | About 400 words |
| Total marks | 100 |
| Time | 3 hours |
| Compulsory question | None |
| Print language | English and Hindi in the same paper |
With no compulsory question and no short notes, choice is everything. In the June 2026 IGNOU BSOE-143 Question Paper, three of the eight questions asked you to "discuss", two to "explain", and one each to "analyse", "describe" and "critically explain". The last one, on ecofeminism, needs a clear evaluation section, which is why we picked it as a sample.
IGNOU gives this term-end exam 70 per cent of the final result and assignments 30 per cent, as stated in its BSOE-143 assignment booklet. To practise the format, work through the official sets on our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper page before attempting the June 2026 paper under time.
Printed 8 × 20 = 160 marks; attempted 5 × 20 = 100. Three questions are spare.
Is 400 words achievable? 180 minutes ÷ 5 answers = 36 minutes each. Keep about 5 minutes per answer for reading and planning, and 31 minutes at 11 to 12 handwritten words a minute gives roughly 340 to 370 words. The printed 400 (20 words a mark) is a fair upper target and matches the limit printed on BSOC-101 and BSOC-103.
Most repeated BSOE-143 topics, December 2022 to June 2026
Social ecology is the most repeated BSOE-143 topic, asked in 6 of the 7 official IGNOU papers we read from December 2022 to June 2026.
In the table below, the count covers only the six papers before June 2026, and June 2026 sits in its own column. Counted this way, risk and risk society draws level with social ecology at 5 of 6, and it is the one that June 2026 left out.
| Topic | Earlier sessions asked | Earlier papers (of 6) | In June 2026? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social ecology: evolution, origin, nature and Indian context | Dec 2022, Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 5 | Yes, Q3 |
| Risk and risk society (Beck and Giddens) | Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 5 | No |
| Political ecology | Jun 2023, Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 4 | No |
| Treadmill of production | Dec 2022, Jun 2024, Dec 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q4 |
| Ecological modernisation and Joseph Huber | Dec 2023, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q5 |
| Ecofeminism, Vandana Shiva and Bina Agarwal | Jun 2023, Jun 2024, Jun 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q6 |
| Human and environment interaction, environmental concerns | Dec 2022, Dec 2023, Jun 2024 | 3 | Yes, Q1 |
| Ecological complex | Dec 2022, Dec 2023 | 2 | Yes, Q2 |
| Colonial outlook on forests (and land) in India | Dec 2022, Dec 2023 | 2 | Yes, Q8 |
| Gender and environment (Dec 2022 asked gender and development) | Dec 2022, Dec 2023 | 2 | Yes, Q7 |
| Emergence, focus and key concepts of environmental sociology | Jun 2025, Dec 2025 (two questions) | 2 | No |
| Anthropocene | Jun 2023, Jun 2025 | 2 | No |
| Water pollution in India (lower Ganga in Dec 2022) | Dec 2022, Jun 2025 | 2 | No |
| Narmada Bachao Andolan and Sardar Sarovar Project | Dec 2022, Jun 2024 | 2 | No |
Sessions used: December 2022, June 2023, December 2023, June 2024, June 2025, December 2025 and June 2026, all read from webservices.ignou.ac.in or ignou.ac.in. The December 2024 paper is on ignou.ac.in only as a scanned image, so it is left out of the counts.
The table is the shortlist we use when building our IGNOU Solved Guess Paper for this course. Social ecology, risk, the treadmill, ecological modernisation, political ecology and ecofeminism alone gave 27 of the 56 questions in these seven papers.
Hit rate: 8 of the 14 tracked topics came back in June 2026 = 57%, all as full 20-mark essays. The two biggest misses are risk (5 of 6, asked in every readable paper from June 2023 to December 2025) and political ecology (4 of 6).
Two signals agree: risk and political ecology are Units 7 and 9, the two dead units of Block 2. The other skipped topics also sit in units that gave nothing: emergence and key concepts (Units 1 to 3 gave only Q1 and Q2), the Anthropocene (Unit 10), water pollution (Unit 11) and Narmada (Unit 14).
Two families of papers: December 2022, December 2023 and June 2026 share a core set (human and environment interaction, the ecological complex, colonial forests, gender and environment, social ecology); the ecological complex, colonial forests and gender and environment have appeared only in these three papers. June 2023, June 2024, June 2025 and December 2025 form the other family: political ecology appeared in all four of them (4 of 4) and in none of the first family (0 of 3), and risk in all four as well.
Session split (3 June and 3 December papers in the earlier window): ecofeminism appeared in 3 of 3 June papers and 0 of 3 December papers, and June 2026 asked it again, so it has never been set in December. The Anthropocene also scores 2 of 3 June against 0 of 3 December. Sample Q6 on this page therefore serves a June attempt better than a December one.
December 2026 shortlist: what June 2026 left out
- Risk and risk society (Unit 7). 5 of 6 earlier papers, asked in every readable paper from June 2023 to December 2025, and Unit 7 gave nothing in June 2026. Prepare Beck's risk society and Giddens on manufactured risk.
- Political ecology (Unit 9). 4 of 6 earlier papers, all four in the second family of papers, and Unit 9 was dead in June 2026.
- Emergence, focus and key concepts of environmental sociology (Units 1 to 3). Asked in June 2025 and twice in December 2025. Unit 2 (the realist-constructionist debate) gave nothing in June 2026.
- Anthropocene and climate change (Unit 10). 2 of 6 earlier papers, both in the second family, and Block 3 gave no full question of its own in June 2026.
- Environmental movements: Narmada, anti-mining and seed movements (Units 14 and 15). Narmada appeared in December 2022 and June 2024; Units 14 and 15 were dead in June 2026.
If December 2026 follows the second family of papers, as June 2026 followed the December 2023 set, risk and political ecology are the two strongest candidates: 4 of 4 in that family each. Ecofeminism, high in the overall count, has never been set in a December paper.
How our BSOE-143 answers are written and checked
Every BSOE-143 answer is written from the IGNOU Environmental Sociology material and checked against the original thinkers before it goes into the file.
Our sociology subject team drafts each answer to the June 2026 wording, not to a generic topic. A question that asks for "perspectives on ecological modernization" gets more than one perspective, from Joseph Huber and Martin Jänicke to Arthur Mol and Gert Spaargaren, instead of a single definition.
Prateek Talwar, Academic Head of Unnati Educations, prepares the final file. Sheetal Kirola, our reviewer with an M.Ed. and 7 years of experience, reviews each answer for accuracy, length and structure. Book titles and dates, such as Shiva's 1988 Staying Alive and Agarwal's 1992 essay, are checked before release.
The answers are a revision and writing aid. For first-time reading, start with the block material and our BSOE-143 Study Material, then use the solved paper to practise writing to the 400-word limit.
BSOE-143 solved file index: on this page and in the file
The full BSOE-143 file answers all 8 June 2026 questions; 2 are on this page and 6 are in the WhatsApp file only.
| Question | Topic | Block and unit | Where to read it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Human and environment interaction | Block 1, Units 1 and 3 | Full file only |
| Q2 | Ecological complex (POET model) | Block 1, Unit 3 (Key Concepts) | On this page |
| Q3 | Social ecology | Block 2, Unit 4 (Social Ecology) | Full file only |
| Q4 | Treadmill of production | Block 2, Unit 5 (Treadmill of Production) | Full file only |
| Q5 | Ecological modernisation | Block 2, Unit 6 (Ecological Modernization) | Full file only |
| Q6 | Ecofeminism | Block 2, Unit 8 (Ecofeminism and Feminist Environmentalism) | On this page |
| Q7 | Gender and environment | Block 2, Unit 8 | Full file only |
| Q8 | Colonial forest policy in India | Blocks 3 and 4, Units 12 and 13 (forest policy and Chipko) | Full file only |
Total: 8 answers. On this page: 2 (Questions 2 and 6). In the full file only: 6 (Questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8). BSOE-143 is a theory-only course, so there is no practical file.
Programmes that study BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology
BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology is a six-credit course for the IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (General), BAG, BA (Honours) Sociology, BASOH, and BA (Major) Sociology, BAFSO.
| Programme | Code | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Bachelor of Arts (General) | BAG | Printed on every BSOE-143 term-end paper, December 2022 to June 2026 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Major) Sociology, four-year | BAFSO | IGNOU BSOE-143 assignment booklet, January 2024 session, six credits |
| Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Sociology | BASOH | IGNOU BSOE-143 assignment booklet, July 2026 and January 2027 sessions, six credits |
Many BSOE-143 candidates are sociology students of the IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (General), who take it as an elective alongside core sociology courses. The question paper is the same for all of them, so one solved file serves every programme above.
Get the full BSOE-143 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 to get all 8 answers of the BSOE-143 June 2026 paper as one PDF.
The IGNOU BSOE-143 Solved Question Paper for June 2026 is shared only on WhatsApp. Message 9899436384 with the code BSOE 143, our team replies with the price and payment details, and the PDF reaches you on WhatsApp after payment.
The file has 8 complete answers: the 2 you have read here and the 6 not shown, on human and environment interaction, social ecology, the treadmill of production, ecological modernisation, gender and environment, and colonial forest policy.
BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology FAQs
How do I get the full BSOE-143 Solved Question Paper June 2026 on WhatsApp?
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 and ask for the BSOE-143 June 2026 solved file. Our team replies with the price and payment details, and the PDF comes to you on WhatsApp once payment is done. The file answers all 8 questions of the paper in about 400 words each. Two of them, on the ecological complex and ecofeminism, are already shown in full on this page.
How many questions are in the BSOE-143 June 2026 paper and how many must I attempt?
The BSOE-143 June 2026 paper has 8 essay questions and you attempt any five, each in about 400 words. Every question carries 20 marks, so the paper totals 100 marks in 3 hours. There is no compulsory question and no short-note section, so your choice of five topics decides your score. Pick the five you can write fully, with thinkers, dates and Indian examples.
Which BSOE-143 topics repeat most in IGNOU term-end exams?
Social ecology is the most repeated BSOE-143 topic, asked in 6 of the 7 official papers we read from December 2022 to June 2026. Risk and risk society follows with 5 appearances. Treadmill of production, ecological modernisation, political ecology, ecofeminism and human and environment interaction each came up 4 times. Prepare these seven areas first, then add the ecological complex and colonial forest policy.
Did the BSOE-143 June 2026 paper repeat questions from earlier sessions?
Yes. Six of the eight BSOE-143 June 2026 questions closely match the December 2023 paper: human and environment interaction, ecological complex, social ecology, ecological modernisation, gender and environment, and colonial forests. Only the treadmill of production and ecofeminism questions changed. This is why we tell students to practise full past papers, not loose notes, before the December 2026 exam.
Which IGNOU programmes include BSOE-143 Environmental Sociology?
Three IGNOU programmes include BSOE-143. The June 2026 paper is printed under the Bachelor of Arts (General), BAG. The 2026-27 assignment booklet is issued for BA (Honours) Sociology, BASOH, and an earlier booklet for the four-year BA (Major) Sociology, BAFSO. It is a six-credit course in all three, and the term-end paper is the same, so one solved file serves every one of these students.
How long should each BSOE-143 answer be, and how is it marked?
Each BSOE-143 answer should be about 400 words and carries 20 marks. A strong answer opens with a clear definition, names the thinker behind the idea, such as Duncan, Beck, Huber or Shiva, explains five to seven points, adds an Indian example and ends with a short conclusion. Critical questions also need a few lines of evaluation, which many students skip and lose marks for.
Who writes and checks the BSOE-143 answers in your solved paper?
Our sociology subject team writes every BSOE-143 answer from the IGNOU Environmental Sociology material, and Prateek Talwar, Academic Head of Unnati Educations, prepares the final file. Sheetal Kirola, our reviewer with an M.Ed. and 7 years of experience, reviews each answer for accuracy, structure and length. Names, books and dates, such as Shiva's Staying Alive (1988), are checked before the file is shared.
Is the BSOE-143 June 2026 solved paper useful for the December 2026 exam?
Yes, it is one of the best revision tools for the December 2026 BSOE-143 exam. IGNOU repeats this course heavily, and the June 2026 paper itself reused six December 2023 questions. All eight June 2026 topics, from social ecology to colonial forests, have appeared in earlier sessions too. Writing these eight answers covers most of the high-frequency areas you are likely to face again.
Who prepared these BSOE-143 answers
The BSOE-143 answers on this page and in the full file were written by the Unnati Educations sociology team from the official June 2026 paper, the four blocks of the course on eGyanKosh and six earlier BSOE-143 papers from December 2022 to December 2025.
Prateek Talwar, Academic Head at Unnati Educations, led the analysis on this page: restating the repeat table over the six earlier papers so risk draws level with social ecology at 5 of 6, identifying the two families of papers (December 2022, December 2023 and June 2026 against June 2023, June 2024, June 2025 and December 2025), showing that ecofeminism has never been set in December, matching the dead Units 7 and 9 to the two biggest misses, and building the December 2026 shortlist led by risk and political ecology.
Sheetal Kirola reviewed the page. She checked every row of the repeat table against the sessions listed (and corrected the emergence row from three to two sessions), the 27 and 17 of 56 question totals, the 3 + 6 + 3 + 3 unit structure, and the facts in both samples: Duncan's POET model and Los Angeles smog example, Catton and Dunlap's paradigms and the three competing functions, d'Eaubonne (1974), Merchant (1980), Shiva's Staying Alive (1988), Agarwal (1992), Plumwood and Mies and Shiva (both 1993), and Guha on Chipko.