BHIE 145 Solved Question Paper for the June 2026 term-end exam gives you a complete answer to every item IGNOU set this session, from the administrative rebuilding of France after 1789 to the factors behind the two world wars. Two answers are open below so you can judge the writing; the full set of 14 answer items comes on WhatsApp 9899436384.
BHIE 145 June 2026: Key Facts
- Course code: BHIE-145
- Subject: Some Aspects of European History (1789-1945)
- Programme: B.A. (General) BAG and B.A. (Honours) History BAHIH, as printed on the June 2026 paper
- Credits: 6 (three TMAs, 30 per cent weightage; term-end exam 70 per cent)
- Blocks and units: 14 units on eGyanKosh; block grouping
- Maximum marks: 100
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the June 2026 paper: 8 numbered questions in 2 sections, giving 14 answer items (6 essays plus 8 short-note options)
- Samples shown on this page: 2 (Q2 and Q6)
- Answers in the paid file: All 14 answer items, 12 of them not shown on this page
What the BHIE 145 Solved Question Paper June 2026 Covers
BHIE 145 Some Aspects of European History is a 6-credit IGNOU history course covering Europe from 1789 to 1945, offered in the Bachelor of Arts (General) and printed on the June 2026 paper for BA (Honours) History learners as well.
The June 2026 paper had eight numbered questions in two sections. Six are 20-mark essays and two are short-note questions with four options each, which gives 14 separate answer items. Our file answers all 14, so whichever five questions you choose, you have a model answer ready for each.
Section I stays with the long nineteenth century: Napoleonic administration, the barricades of 1830 and 1848, German and French industry, and short notes on the Jacobins, Bonapartism, Bismarckism and utilitarianism. Section II moves to nationalism, 1917, the world wars, Weimar, Italian Fascism, Soviet planning and the birth of the Nazi Party.
This page shows 2 of those answers in full, Q2 and Q6, one from each section. The other 12 are listed further down as question text only, exactly as IGNOU printed them.
BHIE 145 Sample Answers: 1830 and 1848, and the Road to October 1917
Two complete BHIE 145 answers are reproduced below, Q2 from Section I and Q6 from Section II, each written to the 400-word length the paper asks for.
Read them the way an examiner would. Each opens with a framing argument, moves through dated events, and closes with an assessment rather than a plain summary. That same structure runs through every answer in the full file.
2. Analyze the revolutionary movements of 1830’s and 1848 in Europe.
Answer:
Between 1830 and 1848 Europe saw two waves of revolution that challenged the order restored by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Both began in Paris and spread outward. They were driven by liberals who wanted constitutions, by nationalists who wanted unity or independence and, increasingly, by artisans and workers squeezed by economic hardship.
The revolutions of 1830. In July 1830 Charles X issued ordinances that dissolved the newly elected Chamber, narrowed the franchise and muzzled the press. Paris answered with three days of street fighting from 27 to 29 July. Charles fled, and the Orléanist Louis Philippe became “King of the French” under a revised charter. The monarchy was now constitutional, but the vote stayed with a small propertied elite.
The spark spread quickly. In August 1830 Brussels rose against Dutch rule, and the great powers meeting in London accepted Belgian independence, later guaranteed with neutrality in the Treaty of London of 1839. In November 1830 Polish officers in Warsaw revolted against Russia, but the rising was crushed in 1831. Risings in Modena, Parma and the Papal States in 1831 were put down by Austrian troops.
The revolutions of 1848. The background was a crisis: failed harvests and potato blight in 1845 to 1847, dear bread, an industrial slump and unemployment, on top of liberal and national grievances. Revolt broke out in Palermo in January 1848. In February a banned reform banquet in Paris led to barricades; Louis Philippe abdicated on 24 February and the Second Republic was proclaimed.
The new republic brought in universal male suffrage and National Workshops for the jobless. When the workshops were closed, Paris workers rose in the June Days and were crushed by General Cavaignac. In December 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected President, a sign of how far opinion had swung towards order.
In March 1848 Vienna rose and Metternich fled; in Berlin, Frederick William IV promised a constitution after street fighting. The Frankfurt Parliament met in May 1848 to draft a constitution for a united Germany, but in April 1849 the Prussian king refused the crown it offered. Kossuth’s Hungarian movement was defeated in 1849 with Russian help, and Piedmont lost to Austria at Custoza in 1848 and Novara in 1849.
Assessment. The movements failed because the liberal middle classes feared radical workers more than kings, because rival nationalities such as Czechs, Croats, Germans and Magyars pulled against one another, and because armies stayed loyal to the dynasties. Yet they left a mark: serfdom ended in the Habsburg lands in 1848, universal male suffrage survived in France, and the national question moved to the centre of European politics, to be settled later from above by Cavour and Bismarck.
6. Examine the circumstances, leading to the Socialist Revolution in Russia.
Answer:
The Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917 grew out of long-standing strains inside Tsarist autocracy, an unfinished settlement after the crisis of 1905, and the collapse of state and economy under the pressure of the First World War.
The land and the peasants. The Emancipation of 1861 freed the serfs but left them with redemption payments and land held through the village commune, the mir. As the rural population grew, land hunger deepened. Most Russians were peasants, and their demand for the gentry’s land became one of the forces of 1917.
Industrialisation and a new working class. Under Finance Minister Sergei Witte in the 1890s the state drove growth through railway building, including the Trans-Siberian line begun in 1891, high tariffs, foreign loans and the gold standard of 1897. Large factories in St Petersburg and Moscow concentrated a young working class in harsh conditions, which made it easy to organise.
Parties and the rehearsal of 1905. The Socialist Revolutionaries spoke for the peasants, while the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, founded in 1898, split in 1903 into Bolsheviks under Lenin and Mensheviks.
Defeat by Japan and the shooting of marchers on Bloody Sunday in January 1905 set off strikes, mutinies and the first soviet. The October Manifesto promised a Duma, but Nicholas II soon curbed it and dissolved the first two Dumas, while Stolypin’s land reforms did not end peasant grievances.
The strain of war. Heavy defeats, from Tannenberg in August 1914 to the great retreat of 1915, cost millions of men. In September 1915 Nicholas took personal command, leaving government to Empress Alexandra and the influence of Rasputin. Inflation, a breakdown of transport and food shortages in the cities turned discontent into anger.
February 1917 and dual power. Strikes and women’s bread protests in Petrograd began on 23 February 1917 (8 March by the Western calendar); the garrison mutinied and the Tsar abdicated on 2 March. Power was split between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet, whose Order No. 1 placed soldiers under soviet authority. The Provisional Government kept fighting the war and postponed land reform and the Constituent Assembly.
The road to October. Lenin returned in April and his April Theses demanded “all power to the soviets” with the promise of peace, land and bread. The failed June offensive, the July Days and General Kornilov’s attempted move on Petrograd in August discredited the government and strengthened the Bolsheviks, who won majorities in the Petrograd and Moscow soviets by September.
On 24 to 25 October 1917 (6 to 7 November by the Western calendar) the Military Revolutionary Committee, led by Trotsky, took the capital.
In short, the revolution came from the meeting of deep peasant and worker grievances with a war that destroyed the regime’s authority, and from a Bolshevik party ready to act when the Provisional Government failed to deliver peace or land.
Questions answered only in the full file
The 12 items below are printed here as question text only. Their answers are in the complete file.
- Give a critical account of the administrative reconstruction of France after the revolution of 1789.
- Discuss the process of industrialization in Germany and France in 18th-19th centuries.
- Write short notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :
- (a) The Jacobin Republic and Terror
- (b) Bonapartism
- (c) Bismarckism
- (d) Utilitarianism
- What is Nationalism ? Discuss the stages of its development in Europe.
- Critically analyze the factors that led to the two world wars in Europe.
- Write short notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :
- (a) Weimar Republic
- (b) Fascism in Italy
- (c) Five Year Plans in Russia
- (d) Formation of Nazi Party in Germany
Several of these sit on the most repeated ground in the course. Bonapartism has appeared in every paper since December 2023, and the stages of nationalism came back in June 2026 in almost the same words as June 2025.
BHIE 145 Question Paper Pattern, Sections and Marks
The BHIE 145 question paper carries 100 marks over 3 hours: you attempt any five of eight questions, at least two from each section, at 20 marks apiece.
Each full question wants about 400 words. Questions 4 and 8 differ in shape, not in value: you write two short notes of about 200 words each for 10 plus 10 marks. Choosing a short-note question is often the safer way to meet the two-per-section rule.
| Part | Questions | Marks and length | June 2026 themes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Section I essays | Q1 to Q3 | 20 each, about 400 words | France after 1789; the 1830s and 1848; German and French industry |
| Section I short notes | Q4, any 2 of 4 | 10 + 10, about 200 words each | Jacobin Terror, Bonapartism, Bismarckism, Utilitarianism |
| Section II essays | Q5 to Q7 | 20 each, about 400 words | Nationalism; the Socialist Revolution in Russia; the two world wars |
| Section II short notes | Q8, any 2 of 4 | 10 + 10, about 200 words each | Weimar Republic, Italian Fascism, Five Year Plans, Nazi Party |
| Whole paper | Attempt 5, at least 2 per section | 100 marks in 3 hours | Term-end exam is 70 per cent of the course result |
The same layout held in every IGNOU BHIE 145 Question Paper we checked from December 2023 onwards. To practise on older sets session by session, use our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper collection.
In the final result the term-end exam carries 70 per cent and your three tutor marked assignments carry 30 per cent, as the BHIE 145 assignment booklet states for this 6-credit course.
Some Aspects of European History: Unit Wise Syllabus of BHIE 145
BHIE 145 has 14 units on eGyanKosh, running from the modern state and political culture of the eighteenth century to the two world wars.
The unit list follows the official eGyanKosh collection for BHIE-145, which lists the course unit by unit without block headings. The last column shows which June 2026 items each unit feeds.
| Unit | Title | Topics to know | June 2026 items |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 1 | The Modern State and Political Culture | Absolutism and the ancien régime; rise of a salaried bureaucracy; the new language of citizenship | None this session |
| Unit 2 | Radical Action by the Masses | Storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear; sans-culottes in Paris; the Jacobin Republic and the Terror | Q4 (a) |
| Unit 3 | Formation of Modern French State | Departments and prefects; the Napoleonic Code replacing over 300 legal systems; the Concordat and conscription | Q1 |
| Unit 4 | Intellectual Trends | Rousseau and the Enlightenment legacy; utilitarianism and laissez faire liberalism; early socialism | Q4 (d) |
| Unit 5 | European Political Mobilisations, 1830-1848 | July Revolution of 1830 and the Belgian revolt; the February Revolution in Paris; the Frankfurt Parliament | Q2 |
| Unit 6 | New Political Systems | Bonapartism under Louis Napoleon; Bismarckism and politics from above in Germany | Q4 (b), Q4 (c) |
| Unit 7 | Industrialisation 1750-1850 | England as the first industrial nation; cotton, coal and steam; early industry on the Continent | Q3 |
| Unit 8 | Industrialisation 1851-1914 | German heavy industry and banking; the French pattern of growth; Russia and the Witte system | Q3 |
| Unit 9 | Nationalism and the Nation State | Linguistic and cultural nationalism; Italian and German unification; the rise of nation-states | Q5 |
| Unit 10 | Liberal Democracy | Parliamentary politics in Britain and France; widening of the franchise; politics after the First World War | None this session |
| Unit 11 | The Socialist World | The revolutions of 1917; the New Economic Policy; Five Year Plans and the purges | Q6, Q8 (c) |
| Unit 12 | Colonialism and Imperialism | Stages of colonialism; the colonial state; imperial rivalry before 1914 | None this session |
| Unit 13 | Rise of Fascism and Nazism | Fascist seizure of power in Italy; the Weimar Republic and its crisis; Nazi rule and the genocide of Jews | Q8 (a), Q8 (b), Q8 (d) |
| Unit 14 | Two World Wars | Formation of warring camps; the economic crisis between the wars; impact of the world wars | Q7 |
Units 1, 10 and 12 fed nothing this June, yet colonialism has been a full essay twice since December 2023. If you are reading the units themselves, our BHIE 145 Study Material follows the same unit order.
BHIE 145 Solved File Index: Every June 2026 Item and Its Unit
All 14 answer items in the BHIE 145 file are listed here with their unit; 2 are on this page and 12 are in the full file only.
BHIE 145 is a theory course with no practical or record work, so the file opens with this solved index instead of a practical index. Use it to plan your five choices before you start reading.
| Item | Topic | Unit | Where to read it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Administrative reconstruction of France after 1789 | Unit 3 | Full file only |
| Q2 | Revolutionary movements of the 1830s and 1848 | Unit 5 | On this page |
| Q3 | Industrialisation in Germany and France | Units 7 and 8 | Full file only |
| Q4 (a) | Short note: the Jacobin Republic and the Terror | Unit 2 | Full file only |
| Q4 (b) | Short note: Bonapartism | Unit 6 | Full file only |
| Q4 (c) | Short note: Bismarckism | Unit 6 | Full file only |
| Q4 (d) | Short note: Utilitarianism | Unit 4 | Full file only |
| Q5 | Nationalism and its stages in Europe | Unit 9 | Full file only |
| Q6 | Circumstances leading to the Socialist Revolution in Russia | Unit 11 | On this page |
| Q7 | Factors behind the two world wars | Unit 14 | Full file only |
| Q8 (a) | Short note: Weimar Republic | Unit 13 | Full file only |
| Q8 (b) | Short note: Fascism in Italy | Unit 13 | Full file only |
| Q8 (c) | Short note: Five Year Plans in Russia | Unit 11 | Full file only |
| Q8 (d) | Short note: Formation of the Nazi Party | Unit 13 | Full file only |
Every item marked Full file only is answered at full length in connected prose, not as bullet points.
BHIE 145 Topics IGNOU Keeps Repeating, December 2023 to June 2026
Bonapartism, liberal thought and nationalism appeared in all five official BHIE 145 papers we could find, from December 2023 to June 2026.
We read five papers on IGNOU's own sites: December 2023, December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 and June 2026. The June 2023 and June 2024 papers were not available to us there, so the counts below are out of five papers, not a full five years.
| Topic | Unit | Sessions where it appeared | Count out of 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bonapartism | Unit 6 | December 2023, December 2024, June 2025, December 2025, June 2026 | 5 |
| Liberalism, utilitarianism and laissez faire | Unit 4 | December 2023, December 2024, June 2025, December 2025, June 2026 | 5 |
| Nationalism, its stages and its linguistic or cultural basis | Unit 9 | December 2023, December 2024, June 2025, December 2025, June 2026 | 5 |
| Administrative reconstruction of France and Napoleon's bureaucracy | Unit 3 | December 2024, June 2025, December 2025, June 2026 | 4 |
| Revolutions of 1848 (with the 1830s added in June 2026) | Unit 5 | December 2024, June 2025, December 2025, June 2026 | 4 |
| Fascism in Italy | Unit 13 | December 2023, December 2024, December 2025, June 2026 | 4 |
| Soviet Russia: 1917, the NEP, the purges, Five Year Plans | Unit 11 | December 2023, December 2024, June 2025, June 2026 | 4 |
| Fall of the ancien régime and popular participation in 1789 | Unit 2 | December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 | 3 |
| Industrialisation in Britain | Unit 7 | December 2023, June 2025, December 2025 | 3 |
| Industrialisation in France and Germany | Units 7 and 8 | December 2024, June 2025, June 2026 | 3 |
| Russian industrialisation and the Witte system | Unit 8 | December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 | 3 |
| Nazi rule, the Nazi Party and the genocide of Jews | Unit 13 | June 2025, December 2025, June 2026 | 3 |
| Economic crisis of the 1920s | Unit 14 | December 2023, June 2025, December 2025 | 3 |
| Colonialism, its stages and the colonial state | Unit 12 | December 2023, December 2024, December 2025 | 3 |
| The world wars: warring camps, causes and impact | Unit 14 | December 2023, December 2024, June 2026 | 3 |
| Bismarck and Bismarckism | Unit 6 | December 2025, June 2026 | 2 |
| The Jacobins and the Terror | Unit 2 | December 2024, June 2026 | 2 |
| Weimar Republic | Unit 13 | December 2023, June 2026 | 2 |
A topic that turns up four or five times is very likely to return, often as a short note after it was last set as an essay. Our IGNOU Important Questions sets are built on the same counting method.
How Our BHIE 145 European History Answers Are Written and Checked
Every BHIE 145 answer is written to the paper's word limit, built on the IGNOU unit text and checked for dates before it goes into the file.
Prateek Talwar wrote the answers using the eGyanKosh unit behind each question as the base, so the vocabulary matches what examiners expect: ancien régime, sans-culottes, prefects, the Witte system, dual power. Sheetal Kirola then reviewed each one against the exact wording of its question.
That check matters. Q2 names the 1830s as well as 1848, so the sample answer above gives 1830 its own weight instead of a passing line. For Russia, the 1917 dates are given in both the old and the Western calendar once, so you do not lose marks on February or October.
The answers also draw on how this course has been examined since December 2023, so you can see which themes return as essays and which as short notes. Our BAG Question Paper pages cover the other BA General courses for the same sessions.
Programmes That Include BHIE 145 Some Aspects of European History
BHIE 145 Some Aspects of European History is examined under two IGNOU programmes in June 2026: BAG and BAHIH.
In the IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (General) it is a history elective; its assignment booklet describes it as a 6-credit general elective with three TMAs.
The June 2025 paper was printed for BAG alone. The December 2025 and June 2026 papers add B.A. (Honours) History, BAHIH, to the header, so Honours learners taking this elective sit the same paper and can use the same file.
Get the Full BHIE 145 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
The full BHIE 145 Solved Question Paper for June 2026 holds 14 answer items, and you get it by messaging us on WhatsApp at 9899436384.
Send the course code BHIE 145 and the session, June 2026. We reply with the price and file details, and once you confirm, the complete IGNOU BHIE 145 Solved Question Paper reaches you on WhatsApp as a PDF. It has the 2 answers shown here plus the 12 that are not.
Sitting the December 2026 exam instead? The file still helps: five papers in a row have tested Bonapartism and liberal thought, and this session's short notes cover both.
BHIE 145 European History FAQs
These are the questions students ask us most about the BHIE 145 June 2026 file and the exam itself.
What does the BHIE 145 Solved Question Paper June 2026 include?
It includes complete answers to all 14 items in the June 2026 paper: six 20-mark essays and all eight short-note options from Q4 and Q8. Each essay runs to about 400 words and each short note to about 200, matching the paper's instructions. Two answers, Q2 and Q6, are shown on this page so you can check the quality before you contact us.
How can I get the full BHIE 145 file on WhatsApp?
Message us on WhatsApp at 9899436384 with the code BHIE 145 and the session June 2026. We reply with the price and file details, and after you confirm, the complete PDF is sent to you on WhatsApp. It contains 14 answer items in total: the 2 shown on this page and the 12 that appear here only as question text.
Which BHIE 145 questions are solved on this page?
Two are solved in full here. Q2 from Section I analyses the revolutionary movements of the 1830s and 1848, from the July Revolution in Paris to the Frankfurt Parliament. Q6 from Section II examines the circumstances that led to the Socialist Revolution in Russia, from serf emancipation in 1861 to October 1917. The remaining 12 items are answered only in the full file.
How many questions do I attempt in the BHIE 145 exam?
You attempt any five of the eight questions, with at least two from each section. Every question carries 20 marks, so the paper totals 100 marks over three hours. Essays need about 400 words. Questions 4 and 8 ask for two short notes of about 200 words each, scored 10 plus 10, and many students use them to balance their sections.
Which BHIE 145 topics are repeated most in IGNOU papers?
Bonapartism, liberalism with utilitarianism and laissez faire, and nationalism appeared in all five official papers we found, from December 2023 to June 2026. The administrative reconstruction of France, the revolutions of 1848, Italian Fascism and Soviet Russia each appeared in four. The June 2023 and June 2024 papers were not available on IGNOU's sites, so these counts are out of five papers.
How many credits and units does BHIE 145 Some Aspects of European History have?
BHIE 145 is a 6-credit course. Its eGyanKosh collection lists 14 units, starting with the modern state and political culture and ending with the two world wars. A 6-credit course needs three tutor marked assignments, which carry 30 per cent of your result, while the term-end examination carries the other 70 per cent of the final course result.
Are the BHIE 145 answers in the file written to IGNOU word limits?
Yes. The paper asks for about 400 words per full question and about 200 words per short note, and every answer in the file is written close to those lengths. Each one opens with a framing line, moves through dated events from the unit text and ends with an assessment, which is the structure examiners tend to reward in history answers.
Is BHIE 145 European History part of both BAG and BAHIH?
Yes, for the current papers. The June 2025 paper was printed for BA General (BAG) only, but the December 2025 and June 2026 papers list both BAG and BA Honours History (BAHIH) in their headers. Learners from either programme sit the same BHIE 145 paper on the same day, so the same solved file works for both groups.