BSOC-112 Solved Question Paper June 2026 gives complete answers to all 8 questions IGNOU set in the Sociological Research Methods-I term-end exam, two of which you can read on this page.
BSOC-112 June 2026 key facts
- Course code: BSOC-112
- Course title: Sociological Research Methods-I
- Programme: BA (Honours) Sociology / BA (Major) Sociology, four-year UG programme (BASOH, BAFSO); Semester V core course
- Credits: 6 (IGNOU assignment booklets 2023-24 and 2026-27)
- Blocks / units: 11 units, listed in one eGyanKosh course folder with no block split
- Exam session: June 2026 term-end examination
- Maximum marks: 100
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the paper: 8, attempt any 5 (20 marks each, about 400 words)
- Printed vs attempted marks: 8 × 20 = 160 printed, 5 × 20 = 100 attempted
- Printed word limit: about 400 words per 20-mark answer, 20 words per mark
- Assessment: term-end exam 70 per cent; three assignments 30 per cent
- Language: bilingual paper, English first, then Hindi
- Samples shown on this page: 2 (Q2 and Q4)
- Questions in the full file: All 8 answers; 6 of them are not shown on this page
- Contact: WhatsApp 9899436384
What the BSOC-112 Solved Question Paper for June 2026 covers
BSOC-112 Sociological Research Methods-I is a 6-credit core course of the IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Sociology (BASOH) programme that teaches how sociologists design, justify and question research. The June 2026 paper tested this through thinkers rather than definitions: Popper on objectivity, Garfinkel on reflexivity, Murdock on comparison and Weber on ideal types.
That makes the IGNOU BSOC-112 Question Paper for this session harder than it looks. A student who has only memorised what research is will struggle with "How does Garfinkel look at reflexivity?" Our answers explain each thinker through his own works and dates, then link the idea back to research practice, which is what examiners reward.
The paper also returns to familiar ground. Positivist assumptions, the inductive method of evolutionists and ethnologists, ethnomethodology and non-experimental research designs all have roots in earlier sessions. Two of them, on Garfinkel and on the inductive method, closely repeat the December 2024 paper, so the full file doubles as revision for the next term-end exam.
8 questions × 20 marks = 160 marks printed; any 5 × 20 = 100 attempted. 180 minutes ÷ 5 = 36 minutes per answer.
BSOC-112 June 2026: two answers solved in full, six held back
Questions 2 and 4 of the BSOC-112 June 2026 paper are answered in full below; the remaining 6 questions are listed as printed and answered only in the full file.
The question text is copied exactly from the official paper. Both answers were written by our team for revision and run close to 500 words, about a quarter more than the 400 words the paper asks for. In the hall, write to the printed length.
Objectivity: 3 of 3 December papers Unit 3 20 marks
Question 2 (20 marks)
Q2. Explain the concept of objectivity with special reference to Karl Popper. 20
Introduction. Objectivity in social research means that a finding should not depend on the hopes, values or social position of the person who produced it, and that other people should be able to check it. The issue is sharper in sociology because the researcher is part of the society being studied. Karl Popper (1902-1994), the Austrian-British philosopher of science, gave one of the most influential answers to this problem.
Objectivity is not a personal virtue. Popper rejected the idea that a scientist becomes objective by emptying the mind of bias. In Objective Knowledge (1972) he attacked the "bucket theory" of the mind, which treats observation as passive collection of facts, and replaced it with a "searchlight theory": every observation is selective and guided by a problem or a point of view. A researcher with no assumptions at all would not know what to look at.
Objectivity lies in the critical method. In The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) and his 1961 Tübingen paper "The Logic of the Social Sciences", Popper argued that the objectivity of science comes from its public, critical tradition. Individual scientists may be partial and even stubborn, but because theories are published, tested and attacked by others, errors are gradually weeded out. Objectivity is therefore a social product of mutual criticism, not a quality of one mind.
Falsifiability and intersubjective testing. In The Logic of Scientific Discovery (German 1934, English 1959) and Conjectures and Refutations (1963), Popper held that a statement is scientific only if it can be tested and could, in principle, be refuted. Scientific statements must be intersubjectively testable, that is, open to checking by anyone who follows the same procedure. Confirmation can never prove a theory true; a single sound refutation can show it false.
Application to the social sciences. Popper criticised the sociology of knowledge of Karl Mannheim, who suggested that a socially unattached intelligentsia could rise above bias. For Popper, objectivity is secured by institutions of open criticism, not by any special class. He also accepted that researchers hold values; the task is to keep extra-scientific values, such as political loyalties, from deciding whether a hypothesis passes its test.
An example. A scholar studying caste mobility should state the hypothesis openly, publish methods and data, and invite others to try to refute it.
Criticism. Thomas Kuhn showed that a scientific community can share a paradigm that its members do not question. In the positivist dispute, Theodor Adorno and Jürgen Habermas argued that Popper underplayed how society shapes the questions researchers ask. Feminist scholars add that a community of critics drawn from one social group may share the same blind spots.
Conclusion. Popper moved the debate from the inner purity of the researcher to the outer rules of testing and criticism. Objectivity, in his view, is something a research community builds together through falsifiable claims and open debate, which remains a useful standard for social science research today.
Hall length: to bring this to about 400 words, keep the introduction, the critical-method and falsifiability points, the Mannheim point in one line, Kuhn as the single criticism, and the conclusion.
Comparative method: 4 of 6 earlier papers Unit 6 20 marks
Question 4 (20 marks)
Q4. Discuss Murdock's comparative method. 20
Introduction. The comparative method studies many societies side by side to find regularities that a single case cannot reveal. George Peter Murdock (1897-1985), an American anthropologist at Yale University, turned it into a large-scale statistical exercise, often called the cross-cultural or hologeistic method, in which whole cultures become units of a sample.
Background. E. B. Tylor's 1889 paper "On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions" had already counted how often customs such as residence rules and in-law avoidance occurred together across several hundred peoples. At the same meeting Francis Galton objected that similar traits might be shared through borrowing or common descent rather than independent development. This objection, known as Galton's problem, shaped all later cross-cultural work, including Murdock's.
Building the data. Murdock began the Cross-Cultural Survey at Yale's Institute of Human Relations in 1937. With colleagues he prepared the Outline of Cultural Materials (1938), a numbered scheme that classified ethnographic information into categories such as kinship, marriage and economy, so that facts from different societies could be filed and compared. In 1949 the survey grew into the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), a consortium of universities that still maintains the archive.
Testing hypotheses statistically. In Social Structure (1949) Murdock drew a sample of 250 societies and tested hypotheses on family, marriage, descent and kinship terminology with statistical measures of association. He argued that the nuclear family was found in every society of his sample and that changes in social organisation tend to follow an order: rules of residence change first, descent follows, and kinship terms adjust last.
Steps of the method. His approach therefore had clear steps: state a hypothesis, select a sample of cultures, code each culture on the relevant variables, and test the strength of association.
Later refinements. Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas appeared in instalments in the journal Ethnology from 1962. In 1969, with Douglas R. White, he proposed the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample of 186 well-documented societies, chosen from different culture areas to reduce Galton's problem.
Criticism. British social anthropologists such as Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard preferred intensive comparison of a few societies, because coding tears customs out of their context. The quality of ethnographic reports varies, the boundary of a "society" is hard to fix, and a correlation does not prove causation. Kathleen Gough's study of the Nayar of Kerala was widely used to question the claim that the nuclear family is universal.
Conclusion. Murdock gave the comparative method a sample, a coding system and statistical tests. His files and samples are still used across sociology, anthropology and psychology, while his critics remind researchers to read every coded trait in its cultural setting.
Hall length: to bring this to about 400 words, keep the introduction, Galton's problem in two lines, the HRAF and Social Structure points, the four steps, one criticism with the Nayar example, and the conclusion.
Questions answered only in the full file
Q1. What is social science research? Discuss it in the context of Positivist assumptions. 20
Q3. How does Garfinkel look at reflexivity? Explain. 20
Q5. How do the evolutionists and ethnologists use inductive method? Explain with examples. 20
Q6. Discuss Weber's concept of 'Ideal types' and its importance in social research. 20
Q7. Explain the concept of ethnomethodology with suitable examples. 20
Q8. Discuss the components of non-experimental research designs. 20
BSOC-112 Sociological Research Methods-I unit-wise syllabus (11 units)
BSOC-112 has 11 units in its eGyanKosh course book, moving from the logic of social research to specific methods and finally to ICT.
The unit list below follows the official IGNOU self-learning material on eGyanKosh (BSOC-112 course book). The last two columns show in how many of the six earlier official papers at least one question drew on that unit, and whether June 2026 drew on it.
| Unit | Unit title | Topics examiners pick from it | Earlier papers drawing on it (of 6) | In June 2026? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 1 | Research in Social Sciences | Durkheim's rules for social research; Mills' sociological imagination; positivist assumptions | 3 | Yes, Q1 |
| Unit 2 | Theory and Research | Elements of theory; how empirical findings reshape theory; inductive and deductive reasoning | 4 | Yes, Q5 (shared with Unit 5) |
| Unit 3 | Objectivity in Social Sciences | Weber on objectivity and ideal types; Simmel on objectivity; Popper's critical method | 3 | Yes, Q2 and Q6 |
| Unit 4 | Reflexivity | Gouldner's reflexive sociology; Garfinkel's idea of reflexive accounts | 4 | Yes, Q3 |
| Unit 5 | Historical Method | Radcliffe-Brown on ethnologists and social anthropologists; historical method in Indian studies | 5 | Yes, Q5 |
| Unit 6 | Comparative Method | Durkheim's concomitant variation; Radcliffe-Brown's comparison; Murdock's cross-cultural files | 4 | Yes, Q4 |
| Unit 7 | Ethnomethodology | Garfinkel's breaching experiments; members' methods of making sense of everyday life | 3 | Yes, Q7 (and Q3) |
| Unit 8 | Feminist Perspectives for Research | Standpoint theory; critique of androcentric methods; feminist essentialism | 5 | No |
| Unit 9 | Quantitative Method of Enquiry | Characteristics of quantitative research; experimental and non-experimental designs; steps of a study | 4 | Yes, Q8 |
| Unit 10 | Qualitative Method | Intellectual roots of qualitative research; visual methods and documents; qualitative interview | 6 | No |
| Unit 11 | ICT in Social Research | ICTs before, during and after data collection; Shodhganga thesis repository | 5 | No |
Units 5 and 10 are the heaviest in practice, each drawn on in six of the seven papers. Unit 2 matters more than its short title suggests, because the inductive method of evolutionists, asked in December 2024 and again in June 2026, sits between theory building and the historical method. If you want ready notes for each unit, see our BSOC-112 Study Material.
Counted over the six earlier papers only, Unit 10 drew a question in all 6 and then gave nothing in June 2026. Units 8 and 11 drew on 5 of 6 each and were also skipped. June 2026 used 8 of the 11 units; the three it left out are three of the four most-asked units.
BSOC-112 paper pattern: five answers, 400 words, 20 marks each
The BSOC-112 Question Paper sets 8 essay questions of 20 marks each, and you answer any 5 in about 400 words within 3 hours.
| Feature | What the June 2026 paper shows |
|---|---|
| Questions set | 8 essay questions, all from different parts of the course |
| Questions to attempt | Any 5; there is no compulsory question and no section split |
| Marks per question | 20, so 5 answers make up the maximum of 100 |
| Expected length | About 400 words per answer, as printed in the note |
| Time | 3 hours, roughly 35 minutes per answer |
| Language | Bilingual paper: English questions first, Hindi version after them |
| Weightage in the final result | Term-end exam 70 per cent; three assignments 30 per cent |
Because every question carries equal marks, the safest plan is to prepare one answer per unit cluster: Units 1 to 4 for the logic of research, Units 5 to 8 for methodological perspectives, and Units 9 to 11 for methods and ICT. Older papers in the same format are on our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper page.
Printed limit check: 400 words ÷ 11.5 words a minute ≈ 35 minutes of writing, against 36 minutes available per answer. The limit can be met, but it leaves about a minute per answer to plan, so it is a ceiling, not a target to beat.
Choice rule: any 5 of 8 gives 56 possible combinations. A sixth answer earns nothing and costs about 36 minutes.
In June 2026, Units 3 to 7 alone gave five full answers (Q2, Q3, Q4, Q6, Q7), and half of Q5 through Unit 5. Units 9 to 11 gave only one question, Q8. The three-cluster plan above was safe this time, but the middle units carried the paper.
Which BSOC-112 topics keep returning? ICTs and feminist method lead
Across the six official BSOC-112 papers from June 2023 to December 2025, ICTs and feminist perspectives each appeared in five, and both were skipped in June 2026. Reflexivity, the comparative method and quantitative research each appeared in four and came back in June 2026.
We counted topics only from papers published on ignou.ac.in and webservices.ignou.ac.in: June 2023, December 2023, June 2024, December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 and June 2026. That is every term-end session in this period, with no gaps.
| Topic | Unit | Earlier sessions asked | Count (of 6) | In June 2026? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use of ICTs in preparing research, collecting data and post-data analysis | Unit 11 | December 2023, June 2024, December 2024, June 2025, December 2025 | 5 | No |
| Feminist research perspectives: standpoint theory, critique of androcentric methods, feminist essentialism | Unit 8 | June 2023, December 2023, June 2024, June 2025, December 2025 | 5 | No |
| Reflexivity: Gouldner's reflexive sociology and Garfinkel's view | Unit 4 | June 2023, December 2023, June 2024, December 2024 | 4 | Yes, Q3 |
| Comparative method of Murdock, Radcliffe-Brown and Durkheim | Unit 6 | June 2023, June 2024, December 2024, June 2025 | 4 | Yes, Q4 |
| Quantitative research: characteristics, steps, experimental and non-experimental designs | Unit 9 | June 2023, June 2024, December 2024, June 2025 | 4 | Yes, Q8 |
| Relationship between theory and empirical research, elements of theory | Unit 2 | June 2023, December 2023, December 2024, June 2025 | 4 | No |
| Historical and ethnological method, including Radcliffe-Brown and its use in India | Unit 5 | June 2023, December 2023, June 2025, December 2025 | 4 | No |
| Qualitative research: its roots, visual methods, documents, qualitative interview | Unit 10 | June 2023, December 2023, December 2024, December 2025 | 4 | No |
| Objectivity in the views of Weber, Simmel and Popper | Unit 3 | December 2023, December 2024, December 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q2 |
| Ethnomethodology: meaning, use and Garfinkel's examples | Unit 7 | June 2024, December 2024, December 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q7 |
| What social research is: Durkheim's view, sociological imagination, positivist assumptions | Unit 1 | December 2023, June 2024, June 2025 | 3 | Yes, Q1 |
| Difference between qualitative and quantitative research | Units 9 and 10 | June 2024, June 2025 | 2 | No |
| Inductive method of evolutionists and ethnologists | Units 2 and 5 | December 2024 | 1 | Yes, Q5 |
| Weber's ideal types as a separate question | Unit 3 | None | 0 | Yes, Q6 |
Notice the pattern in June 2026: ICTs and feminist method, regulars in earlier papers, were both missing, while Garfinkel and the inductive method came straight back from December 2024. Weber's ideal types appeared for the first time in our sample. For short, exam-ready lists across courses, use our IGNOU Solved Guess Paper collection.
Hit rate: 7 of the 13 topics with an earlier record came back in June 2026 = 54%. All 7 came back as full 20-mark questions, since this paper has no short notes. The six that did not return include the two most-asked topics, ICTs and feminist perspectives.
The skipped topics and the skipped units point the same way. Qualitative research (Unit 10), feminist perspectives (Unit 8) and ICTs (Unit 11) are three of the six missing topics, and their units are exactly the three units June 2026 left untouched. Two independent signals agree.
June and December papers compared
The six earlier papers split evenly, three June and three December, and one topic leaned fully to one side until June 2026 broke it.
| Topic | June papers (of 3) | December papers (of 3) |
|---|---|---|
| ICTs in social research | 2 | 3 |
| Feminist research perspectives | 3 | 2 |
| Reflexivity | 2 | 2 |
| Comparative method | 3 | 1 |
| Quantitative research | 3 | 1 |
| Theory and empirical research | 2 | 2 |
| Historical and ethnological method | 2 | 2 |
| Qualitative research | 1 | 3 |
| Objectivity: Weber, Simmel, Popper | 0 | 3 |
| Ethnomethodology | 1 | 2 |
| What social research is | 2 | 1 |
| Qualitative vs quantitative research | 2 | 0 |
| Inductive method | 0 | 1 |
Objectivity is the clear case: all three December papers asked it and no June paper did, until June 2026 asked about Popper. With a full December record, it stays a strong December pick even after June. The difference between qualitative and quantitative research runs the other way, two of three June papers and no December paper, so it is a weaker December pick.
The two samples on this page split between the sessions: Popper's objectivity has a December record and Murdock's comparative method a June one (3 of 3 June, 1 of 3 December).
Topics to revise first for December 2026
Skipped topics with the longest exam history and empty units come first.
- Qualitative research (Unit 10): in all 6 earlier papers, 3 of 3 December papers, skipped in June 2026, and its unit fed nothing. The top pick on every signal.
- ICTs in social research (Unit 11): 5 of 6 earlier papers, 3 of 3 December papers, skipped in June 2026, unit empty.
- Feminist research perspectives (Unit 8): 5 of 6 earlier papers, skipped in June 2026, unit empty.
- Objectivity in Weber and Simmel (Unit 3): not skipped, but 3 of 3 December papers. With Popper just asked, expect the Weber or Simmel angle.
- Historical method and theory and research (Units 5 and 2): 4 of 6 each, skipped as their own questions in June 2026; both units were touched only through the inductive-method question.
How our BSOC-112 answers are researched, written and checked
Every BSOC-112 answer is written from the IGNOU course units and the original works of the thinker named in the question, then reviewed before it goes into the file.
Every answer in the IGNOU BSOC-112 Solved Question Paper starts from the official June 2026 paper; we mapped each question to its unit. For thinker-based questions we checked the original title and year, for example Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery or Murdock's Social Structure, so that no date or claim is guessed.
Answers are written by the Unnati Educations team under Prateek Talwar, our Academic Head, and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola. Each answer keeps to about 400 words with an introduction, clear sub-points and a conclusion, and uses Indian examples, such as caste mobility research or the Nayar of Kerala, where they genuinely help.
BSOC-112 June 2026 solved file index: where each question sits
The BSOC-112 June 2026 file holds 8 answers: 2 are on this page and 6 are in the full file only.
| Q. No. | Question (as printed) | Course unit | Where to read it |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What is social science research? Discuss it in the context of Positivist assumptions. | Unit 1 | Full file only |
| 2 | Explain the concept of objectivity with special reference to Karl Popper. | Unit 3 | On this page |
| 3 | How does Garfinkel look at reflexivity? Explain. | Unit 4 and Unit 7 | Full file only |
| 4 | Discuss Murdock's comparative method. | Unit 6 | On this page |
| 5 | How do the evolutionists and ethnologists use inductive method? Explain with examples. | Unit 5 and Unit 2 | Full file only |
| 6 | Discuss Weber's concept of 'Ideal types' and its importance in social research. | Unit 3 | Full file only |
| 7 | Explain the concept of ethnomethodology with suitable examples. | Unit 7 | Full file only |
| 8 | Discuss the components of non-experimental research designs. | Unit 9 | Full file only |
Questions 3 and 7 both rest on Garfinkel, so one careful reading of Unit 7 helps with two answers. Question 5 sits between Unit 5 and Unit 2 because it asks how evolutionists and ethnologists reasoned inductively. Papers of the other BASOH courses are collected on our BASOH Question Paper page.
Programmes that study BSOC-112 Sociological Research Methods-I
BSOC-112 is a Semester V core course of the IGNOU BA (Honours) Sociology programme, coded BASOH.
On eGyanKosh the course sits under the BASOH core courses for Semester V, alongside BSOC-111 Sociological Thinkers-I. Its follow-up, BSOC-114 Sociological Research Methods-II, moves on to research design, sampling and fieldwork.
BSOC-112 is also part of IGNOU's four-year undergraduate programme: the 2026-27 assignment booklet is issued for BA (Major) Sociology under the codes BASOH and BAFSO, still as a 6-credit course. Students of the BA General programme study BSOC-134 Methods of Sociological Enquiry instead, which has its own paper. To check the full course list, open the Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Sociology programme page.
How to get the full BSOC-112 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
Message WhatsApp 9899436384 with "BSOC 112 June 2026" to get the complete file with all 8 answers.
The full BSOC-112 solved file adds the 6 answers you cannot see here: positivist assumptions, Garfinkel on reflexivity, the inductive method of evolutionists and ethnologists, Weber's ideal types, ethnomethodology and non-experimental designs. Our team replies with the price and payment details, and the file reaches you on WhatsApp after payment.
BSOC-112 FAQs: research methods paper doubts answered
How can I get the full BSOC-112 Solved Question Paper June 2026 on WhatsApp?
Send a message on WhatsApp 9899436384 with the course code BSOC 112 and the session June 2026. Our team will share the price and payment details, and after payment you receive the full file with all 8 answers. Two of those answers, on Popper and Murdock, are already on this page, so the file adds the 6 answers you cannot see here, each written in about 400 words.
How many questions do I need to attempt in the BSOC-112 term-end exam?
You attempt any 5 of the 8 questions in the BSOC-112 paper. Each answer carries 20 marks and should be about 400 words, which makes up the maximum of 100 marks in 3 hours. There is no compulsory question, so a smart plan is to prepare at least six or seven units well and keep two spare choices on exam day.
Which BSOC-112 Sociological Research Methods-I topics repeat most often?
In the seven official papers we checked, from June 2023 to June 2026, five areas appeared in five papers each: reflexivity, the comparative method, quantitative research, ICTs and feminist perspectives. Some questions return almost word for word. The June 2026 questions on Garfinkel and on the inductive method of evolutionists closely repeat two December 2024 questions, so older BSOC-112 papers are worth practising.
Are the BSOC-112 answers written to the 400-word length IGNOU asks for?
Yes. The BSOC-112 paper asks for about 400 words per answer, so every answer in our file is planned around that length. Each one opens with a short introduction, explains the thinker or method in clear points, gives an example where it helps, and ends with a conclusion. You can see this structure in the two sample answers shown on this page.
Is BSOC-112 the same course as BSOC-134 Methods of Sociological Enquiry?
No. BSOC-112 Sociological Research Methods-I is a core course of BA (Honours) Sociology, while BSOC-134 Methods of Sociological Enquiry is studied in the BA General programme. The two share themes such as objectivity, the comparative method and feminist methodology, but their papers are set separately. Check your hall ticket for the exact code before using any solved paper.
How many units are there in BSOC-112 Sociological Research Methods-I?
The BSOC-112 course book on eGyanKosh has 11 units. They run from research in social sciences, theory and research, objectivity and reflexivity, through the historical, comparative and feminist approaches and ethnomethodology, to quantitative method, qualitative method and ICT in social research. Our solved file index tells you which unit each June 2026 question comes from.
Does the BSOC-112 solved paper explain Garfinkel and ethnomethodology?
Yes. The June 2026 BSOC-112 paper asks about Garfinkel twice in effect: Question 3 on how he looks at reflexivity and Question 7 on ethnomethodology with examples. Both answers are in the full file, written with examples from everyday life. Ethnomethodology also appeared in the June 2024, December 2024 and December 2025 papers, so it is worth preparing well.
How many credits is BSOC-112 and how is it assessed?
BSOC-112 is a 6-credit core course, according to the IGNOU assignment booklet. Because it carries 6 credits, you submit three assignments, which count for 30 per cent of the final result. The term-end examination counts for the remaining 70 per cent. You must submit the assignments on time to be eligible to sit the BSOC-112 exam.
Who wrote and reviewed this page
This page was prepared by the Unnati Educations academic team, which writes solved papers, guess papers and study notes for IGNOU BA (Honours) and BA (Major) Sociology learners.
Prateek Talwar, Academic Head, led the answers and the analysis on this page: the restated repeat and unit tables over the six earlier papers, which moved ICTs and feminist perspectives to the top and showed both were skipped; the finding that the three skipped units, 8, 10 and 11, match three of the skipped topics; the June-against-December split that shows objectivity in all three December papers and none of the June papers before 2026; the observation that Units 3 to 7 carried five answers; and the December 2026 shortlist.
Sheetal Kirola reviewed the page. She checked Popper's dates and titles (1902-1994; The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1934 and 1959; The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945; the 1961 Tübingen paper; Conjectures and Refutations, 1963; Objective Knowledge, 1972), Murdock's record (1897-1985; the Cross-Cultural Survey of 1937; the Outline of Cultural Materials, 1938; HRAF, 1949; the 250-society sample of Social Structure; the Ethnographic Atlas from 1962; the 186-society Standard Cross-Cultural Sample of 1969), Tylor's 1889 paper and Galton's problem, and the session lists in all 13 repeat-table rows against the 11 unit rows.