BHIE 145 Question Paper December 2025 is the sharpest practice set for modern European history. It shows how IGNOU frames the French Revolution, Bismarck and German polity, British industrialisation and the rise of Fascism in Italy. If your Term-End Exam is in 2026, this is where to begin.
What is the BHIE-145 December 2025 Question Paper?
The BHIE 145 December 2025 question paper is the official IGNOU Term-End Examination paper for Some Aspects of European History covering 1789 to 1945. It is bilingual in English and Hindi, set for 100 marks across 3 hours, split into Section A and Section B, offered as a History elective in the BAG and BAHIH programmes.
The paper holds eight questions, four in each Section. You answer any five, with at least two from each Section, and every question carries 20 marks. The range runs from the French Revolution and Bismarck to British industrialisation, the Revolutions of 1848, Russian industrial capitalism, Italian Fascism and the interwar crisis.
About IGNOU BHIE-145 Some Aspects of European History
BHIE-145 is the modern-Europe elective offered across the IGNOU B.A. General (BAG) and B.A. Honours (BAHIH) History programmes. It studies the century and a half between 1789 and 1945, opening with the causes of the French Revolution and Napoleon's bureaucratic reforms, and the idea of Bonapartism that grew from them.
The course then traces nation-building and economy: Bismarck and German polity, the British Industrial Revolution and the rise of industrial capitalism, liberalism and laissez-faire, and the Revolutions of 1848. The twentieth-century half covers industrial capitalism in Russia, the post-war reordering of France and Britain, the rise of Fascism in Italy, the linguistic basis of nationalism, the economic crisis of the 1920s, the colonial state, and the Holocaust.
This page was prepared by Prateek Talwar and reviewed by the Unnati Educations academic team with world history and modern Europe content reviewers. It is anchored to the IGNOU Term-End Examination, December 2025. Last updated June 2026.
BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025 Exam Pattern and Marks
| Aspect | Detail |
|---|---|
| Medium | Bilingual, English and Hindi |
| Duration | 3 hours |
| Total marks | 100 |
| Paper structure | Two Sections, Section A and Section B, four questions each |
| Total questions in the paper | 8 |
| Questions to attempt | Any five, with at least two from each Section |
| Marks per question | 20 each, all questions carry equal marks |
| Word guidance | About 400 words per main answer and about 200 words per short note |
| Question type | Long descriptive essays plus short-note clusters worth 10+10 |
| Language of answers | English or Hindi |
All Questions in the BHIE-145 December 2025 Paper
ENGLISH VERSION
BHIE-145 : SOME ASPECTS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY (1789-1945)
Time : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 100
Note : (i) Attempt any five questions in about 400 words each.
(ii) Attempt at least two questions from each Section.
(iii) All questions carry equal marks.
Section—A
Critically examine the circumstances which led to the French Revolution. 20
Analyse the influence of Bismarck on German polity. 20
Analyse the growth of industrialization in Britain from mid-18th to mid-19th century. 20
Write short notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each : 10+10
(a) Napoleon's New Bureaucracy
(b) Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
(c) Bonapartism
(d) Laissez faire as an aspect of Liberalism
Section—B
Discuss the growth of industrial capitalism from 1901 to 1914 in Russia. 20
Discuss the economic and political developments in France and Britain after the First World War. 20
How did Fascist movement lead to the end of democratic state in Italy ? 20
Write short notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each : 10+10
(a) Linguistic basis of Nationalism
(b) Economic crisis of 1920s
(c) Colonial State
(d) Genocide of Jews in Germany
HINDI VERSION
बी.एच.आई.ई.-145 : यूरोपीय इतिहास के कुछ पहलू (1789-1945)
समय : 3 घण्टे अधिकतम अंक : 100
नोट : (i) किन्हीं पाँच प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 400 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।
(ii) प्रत्येक भाग से कम-से-कम दो प्रश्नों का चयन कीजिए।
(iii) सभी प्रश्नों के अंक समान हैं।
भाग—क
फ्रांसीसी क्रांति की उत्तरदायी परिस्थितियों का आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। 20
जर्मन राजव्यवस्था पर बिस्मार्क के प्रभाव का विश्लेषण कीजिए। 20
मध्य-18वीं से मध्य-19वीं सदी तक ब्रिटेन में औद्योगीकरण की वृद्धि का विश्लेषण कीजिए। 20
निम्नलिखित में से किन्हीं दो पर लगभग 200 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में संक्षिप्त लेख लिखिए : 10+10
(क) नेपोलियन की नई नौकरशाही
(ख) यूरोप में 1848 की क्रांतियाँ
(ग) बोनापार्टवाद
(घ) उदारवाद के एक पहलू के रूप में अबन्धन अथवा स्वेच्छ व्यापार
भाग—ख
रूस में 1901 से 1914 तक औद्योगिक पूँजीवाद की वृद्धि पर चर्चा कीजिए। 20
प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के पश्चात् फ्रांस व ब्रिटेन में हुए आर्थिक तथा राजनीतिक विकासक्रमों पर चर्चा कीजिए। 20
इटली में लोकतांत्रिक राज्य के अंत का कारण फासीवादी आंदोलन किस प्रकार बना ? 20
निम्नलिखित में से किन्हीं दो पर लगभग 200 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में संक्षिप्त लेख लिखिए : 10+10
(क) राष्ट्रवाद का भाषाई आधार
(ख) 1920 के दशक का आर्थिक संकट
(ग) औपनिवेशिक राज्य
(घ) जर्मनी में यहूदियों का नरसंहार
Topics Covered in the BHIE-145 Paper
The circumstances which led to the French Revolution
The influence of Bismarck on German polity
The growth of industrialisation in Britain from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century
Napoleon's New Bureaucracy
The Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
Bonapartism
Laissez-faire as an aspect of Liberalism
The growth of industrial capitalism in Russia from 1901 to 1914
The economic and political developments in France and Britain after the First World War
How the Fascist movement ended the democratic state in Italy
The linguistic basis of nationalism
The economic crisis of the 1920s
The colonial state
The Holocaust, the genocide of Jews in Germany
Section-wise Theme Map of the BHIE-145 Paper
| Section | Main long questions | Short-note options |
|---|---|---|
| Section A (late-18th and 19th-century Europe, revolution and industrialisation) | The French Revolution, Bismarck and German polity, British industrialisation | Napoleon's New Bureaucracy, the Revolutions of 1848, Bonapartism, laissez-faire and Liberalism |
| Section B (early 20th century, crisis, war and dictatorship) | Russian industrial capitalism 1901 to 1914, post-war France and Britain, Italian Fascism | The linguistic basis of nationalism, the 1920s economic crisis, the colonial state, the Holocaust |
How to Use BHIE-145 December 2025 Question Paper to Score in the 2026 Exam
Fix your spread before you write. Because at least two answers must come from each Section, don't load up only on the French Revolution and Bismarck side or only on the interwar side. Lock in two strong options on each before the clock starts.
The "analyse" and "critically examine" questions reward argument, not retelling. For the French Revolution, weigh the financial crisis, social inequality of the estates, and Enlightenment ideas as combined causes rather than narrating 1789. For the Italian Fascism question, trace how economic distress, weak coalitions and Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922 dismantled the democratic state. Most students notice that dated cause-and-effect chains score far higher than description. The IGNOU December 2025 TEE keeps emphasising the French Revolution, Bismarck and Italian Fascism, so weight those across the two sections.
Sample Answer Approach (not a full answer)
Take Q7, how the Fascist movement led to the end of the democratic state in Italy. Here is the shape of a 20-mark answer, not the answer itself.
Context: open with post-war Italy's economic distress, social unrest and unstable coalition governments.
Points to cover: the appeal of Mussolini's Fascist movement, the use of violence against the left, the failure of liberal politicians to contain it, the March on Rome, and the step-by-step dismantling of parliamentary democracy.
Worked example: use the March on Rome in 1922 as your concrete turning point.
Conclusion: a short analytical line on why a weak democracy gave way to dictatorship.
Four or five developed points with one dated example is what earns the full twenty.
Frequently Asked Questions about the BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025
Is this the authentic BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025?
It is the real December 2025 Term-End Examination paper for BHIE-145, shown exactly as IGNOU printed it. Both Sections, the three-part Note line, every 20-mark value, the 10+10 short notes and all sub-parts from Bonapartism to the colonial state are intact. Nothing has been reworded, so the questions you rehearse on the French Revolution and Italian Fascism are the genuine ones.
Does the BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025 come in both English and Hindi?
Yes, both. This paper is bilingual, and the page reproduces the questions in English (Section A and Section B) and in Hindi (भाग क and भाग ख) exactly as IGNOU set them. Whichever medium you write your exam in, you can practise from the version matching your answer language without translating the Bismarck or 1848 questions yourself.
Is the BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025 useful for both the BAG and BAHIH 2026 exam?
Yes, for both. BHIE-145 is a shared elective taken in the BAG General and BAHIH Honours History programmes, and the same paper serves both. As the latest official set, it mirrors what you are likely to face next on British industrialisation, Russian industrial capitalism and the interwar crisis, so it trains the two-Section pattern for either programme.
Is a solved version of BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025 available?
A solved BHIE-145 paper with structured model answers can be arranged on request. The answers handle the essays on the French Revolution and Italian Fascism at roughly 400 words, and short notes such as Bonapartism or the colonial state at around 200. Message the desk on WhatsApp to request it for this December 2025 paper.
Can BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025 help with the assignment too?
It does, indirectly. Themes here, including Bismarck and German polity, the Revolutions of 1848 and the economic crisis of the 1920s, overlap closely with common BHIE-145 assignment questions. Drilling these exam questions reinforces the same material your tutor-marked assignment tests, so one focused study session strengthens both your exam and your assignment.
What help can I get for BHIE-145 Question Paper December 2025?
Direct, personal help over WhatsApp for any doubt on this paper, whether it is the two-Section rule or how to frame the cause-and-effect answer on the French Revolution. If a topic like laissez-faire or the linguistic basis of nationalism feels unclear, the team responds itself and guides your approach rather than sending an automated reply.
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DISCLAIMER Unnati Educations is an independent academic support service and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or associated with the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). The original question paper is the property of IGNOU and is provided here only as a reference for student practice.
To revise more widely, browse the IGNOU previous year question papers archive for further modern-Europe sets, pair this with the matching BHIE-145 solved assignment to write the same themes out in full, and add the IGNOU guess paper set to anticipate likely 2026 questions. For the solved version or any quick doubt, message us on WhatsApp at 9899436384.