BPAS 186 key facts
- Term-end exam: 50 marks, 2 hours
- Paper format: 8 questions in 2 sections; answer any 5, at least 2 from each section
- Answer length: about 300 words per question, 10 marks each
- Weightage: assignments 30 percent, term-end exam 70 percent
- This guess paper: 13 questions, 5 shown here, 8 more in the full file
- Papers analysed: 6 sessions, June 2023 to December 2025
- Delivery: PDF on WhatsApp 9899436384
BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management is a 4-credit skill enhancement course from the Public Administration discipline of IGNOU's School of Social Sciences, taught across 3 blocks and 10 units.
BPAS 186 Solved Guess Paper is a 15-page PDF from Unnati Educations that holds 13 likely exam questions for IGNOU Stress and Time Management, each with a complete answer written from the IGNOU textbook. We picked the questions after reading six term-end papers, from June 2023 to December 2025, and marking which topics keep coming back.
If your exam is in December 2026 and the three block books feel too long to finish, this file puts the high-return topics in front of you first. Five answers are open below so you can check the quality yourself. The remaining eight come with the full file on WhatsApp.
1. BPAS 186 Solved Guess Paper 2026 at a Glance
The file gives you 13 ten-mark questions from all three blocks of BPAS 186, each answered in the order examiners like: definition, scholar, numbered points, conclusion.
Every question sits on its own card. The card shows the priority (HIGH or MEDIUM), the block it comes from, the section of the exam paper it usually lands in, and the sessions where it last appeared. Then comes the IGNOU-style question, followed by the answer.
The answers are built the same way each time, which makes them easy to memorise. Each one opens with a quoted definition from the book, moves into numbered points under clear sub-headings, and closes with a one-line conclusion that ties back to the question. Scholars and years are kept exactly as the book gives them.
This title belongs to our wider IGNOU Solved Guess Paper range, where each course gets its own file and its own analysis rather than a shared template. For Stress and Time Management, that meant separating the stress half of the syllabus from the time management half and checking how IGNOU balances them in each paper.
One honest note on length. The answers are written at roughly 250 words so you can revise them fast. The exam asks for about 300 words, so add one example of your own to each answer on the day, such as a deadline at work or a clash of duties at home.
2. Five Sample Answers from the BPAS 186 Solved Guess Paper
Below are 5 of the 13 answers, copied as they appear in the file, covering Blocks 1, 2 and 3 so you can see the quality across the whole course.
We chose these five because they cover the topics IGNOU has asked most often in the last three years. Each sample carries a chip showing where it sits in the full file.
Nature and Concept of Stress
Question: Discuss the nature and concept of stress. (10 marks)
Meaning of Stress
"A particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding her/his resources and endangering her/his well-being."
Concept and Nature
The term stress is derived from 'stringere', a Latin word meaning 'to draw tight' (Cox, 1978); beyond an optimal level it harms well-being.
- Selye (1974) described stress as a non-specific response of the body to a demand made on it.
- Baum et al. (1981) defined it as a process in which environmental forces, called stressors, threaten an organism's well-being.
- Schafer (1998) called it the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made on them.
- Truxillo et al. (2016) defined it as the body's reaction to a change requiring adjustment.
Approaches to Stress
Stress can be understood through four approaches (Nelson et al., 2012):
- The Medical / Homeostasis Approach: Cannon's fight or flight response and homeostasis.
- The Cognitive Appraisal Approach: Lazarus's interaction between individual and environment.
- The Person-Environment Approach: Robert Kahn's confusing and conflicting role expectations.
- The Psychoanalytic Approach: Levinson's gap, based on Freud, between ego ideal and self-image.
Types of Stress
Stress is categorised into three types:
- Eustress: good stress from a positive response to a desired stressor (Truxillo et al., 2016).
- Neustress: stress that is neither helpful nor harmful (Schafer, 1998).
- Distress: occurs when arousal is very high or very low (Schafer, 1998).
Conclusion: Stress is the individual's response to demands; managed in time it can motivate, but beyond an optimal level it damages health and performance.
General Adaptation Syndrome and Models of Stress
Question: Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and explain the various models of stress. (10 marks)
Meaning of General Adaptation Syndrome
"The General Adaptation Syndrome includes three stages that are experienced by an individual when s/he is in a situation that is stressful, namely, alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion."
Stages of GAS
Hans Selye put forth three stages experienced under stress:
- Alarm reaction: denoted by decreased resistance; the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system are activated by the hypothalamus as a countershock.
- Resistance: adaptation is maximum and equilibrium is restored as the individual resists the stress-creating stimuli.
- Exhaustion: a collapse of adaptive mechanisms as physiological resources deplete (Cartwright & Cooper, 1997).
Models of Stress
Various models explain stress:
- Fight or Flight Response: Cannon's emergency response, where one gets ready to fight a threat or flee from it.
- General Adaptation Syndrome: Selye's three-stage model described above.
- Cognitive Appraisal Model: Lazarus's primary and secondary appraisal of a stressor.
- Person-Environment Fit Model: proposed by French, Harrison and Caplan (1982); stress arises from a misfit between demands and resources.
- Psychodynamic Theory: Freud's signal anxiety and traumatic anxiety.
- Genetic Constitutional Theory: how stress is resisted through genotype and phenotype.
- Diathesis-Stress Model: the role of both genetics and environment in determining stress.
Conclusion: The General Adaptation Syndrome explains the body's three-stage reaction to stress, while the various models together show stress as a product of physiological response, cognitive appraisal, person-environment fit, unconscious factors and genetic-environmental interaction.
Personal and Official Time-wasters
Question: Discuss the personal and official, controllable and uncontrollable time-wasters. (10 marks)
Meaning of Time-wasters
"A time-wasting activity, which is deliberate, imposed or borne in ignorance can be dysfunctional, having negative consequences for the goal in view."
Four Categories of Time-wasters
Time-wasters are broadly classified into four categories:
- Personal controllable: relate to personal habits, attitude and approach, and can be controlled through will, discipline, planning and action; sources include poor self-management, flawed habits, unorganised time-utilisation, inter-personal behaviour and lack of systems.
- Personal uncontrollable: result from factors beyond control such as illness of family members, power failures, traffic jams, accidents and untimely visits of friends.
- Controllable official: ambiguity about goals and priorities, poor work culture, low competence, lack of planning, and faulty systems and procedures (red-tapism).
- Uncontrollable official: poor financial resources, understaffing, an overburdened workforce, outdated infrastructure, decisional centralisation and an archaic Management Information System.
Conclusion: Time-wasters span personal and official, controllable and uncontrollable types; the controllable ones can be minimised through will, discipline and planning, while even the uncontrollable ones can be moderated with appropriate action.
Role of the Administrator in Building Time Management Skills
Question: "In an organisation, an administrator/manager plays an important role in monitoring and inculcating the skills of time management in employees." Comment. (10 marks)
Role of the Administrator/Manager
The Administrator/Manager performs this role in the following manner:
- Supervises and monitors the activities of subordinates and acts as a disciplined role model, so that team members follow her/his instructions on time management.
- Delegates responsibilities as per capability and specialisation and communicates goals, targets and deadlines, enhancing belongingness.
- Adheres to the organisation's guidelines and trains team members to follow policies.
- Keeps a check that subordinates keep their workstations organised, with files and drawers arranged properly.
- Motivates team members to prepare a To-Do List and ensures they do important tasks first.
- Installs a reporting system to track performance and appreciates employees who finish assignments on time.
- Provides a congenial environment, promotes communication and coordination, and gives approvals on time.
- Encourages employees to attend training programmes and conducts workshops to instil time management skills.
Conclusion: By supervising, delegating, motivating to-do-list discipline, monitoring performance and providing training and a congenial environment, the administrator/manager is central to inculcating effective time management skills in employees.
Preventive Stress Management Techniques
Question: Examine the preventive stress management techniques for individuals and organisations. (10 marks)
Meaning of Preventive Stress Management
"Preventive Stress Management is a set of principles that employs explicit methods for promoting individual and organisational health while preventing individual and organisational distress."
Techniques for Individuals
- Primary: positive thinking, learned optimism, time management and leisure time activities.
- Secondary: physical exercise, relaxation training, diet and perceived spiritual support.
- Tertiary: opening up (sharing feelings) and seeking professional help.
Techniques for Organisations
- Primary: job redesign, goal setting, role negotiation, careful selection, placement and mentoring of employees, and improving organisational communication.
- Secondary: team building and social support at work.
- Tertiary: Employee Assistance Programmes and wellness programmes.
| Stage | Individual techniques | Organisational techniques |
|---|---|---|
| Primary | Positive thinking, learned optimism, time management, leisure | Job redesign, goal setting, role negotiation, mentoring, communication |
| Secondary | Physical exercise, relaxation, diet, spiritual support | Team building, social support at work |
| Tertiary | Opening up, professional help | Employee Assistance Programmes, wellness programmes |
Conclusion: Preventive stress management works at primary, secondary and tertiary stages for both individuals and organisations, sharing accountability for health and, when applied together, fostering well-being and higher organisational performance.
Liked the way these read? The other eight answers follow the same pattern, including the ones on workplace distractions, the effects of stress on health and the rainbow-life model of time management.
3. All 13 BPAS 186 Important Questions in the File
The file holds 13 questions: 5 are shown in full above and 8 are only in the paid PDF.
Here is the complete list of Stress and Time Management important questions in the file, so you know exactly what you are paying for. Eight of the 13 are marked HIGH priority, meaning they have come up often or were left untouched by the latest paper.
| File Q | Question focus | Block | Priority | Answer available |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Nature and concept of stress, four approaches, three types | Block 1 | HIGH | On this page (Sample 1) |
| Q2 | Behavioural, cognitive, emotional and physical symptoms; frustration, conflict, pressure | Block 1 | HIGH | Full file |
| Q3 | Selye's GAS stages and seven models of stress | Block 2 | HIGH | On this page (Sample 2) |
| Q4 | Role demands, information overload, work-life tradeoffs, Type A and Type B | Block 2 | MEDIUM | Full file |
| Q5 | Internal and external, voluntary and involuntary distractions; Baron's distraction-conflict theory | Block 2 | MEDIUM | Full file |
| Q6 | Four categories of personal and official time-wasters | Block 3 | HIGH | On this page (Sample 3) |
| Q7 | To-do list mistakes, right job at wrong time, urgent-important grid | Block 2 | MEDIUM | Full file |
| Q8 | Allostatic load, stress ulcer, asthma, four stress-performance links (Jamal, 1984) | Block 2 | HIGH | Full file |
| Q9 | Definitions by Rowan, Scott and Furner; why planning time matters | Block 1 | MEDIUM | Full file |
| Q10 | SMART goals, 80/20 principle, delegation, time auditing, saying no | Blocks 1 and 3 | HIGH | Full file |
| Q11 | Eight ways a manager builds time discipline in a team | Block 1 | HIGH | On this page (Sample 4) |
| Q12 | Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention for people and organisations | Block 3 | HIGH | On this page (Sample 5) |
| Q13 | Seven dimensions of a rainbow life; managing stress with better planning | Block 3 | MEDIUM | Full file |
4. BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management Exam Pattern
The BPAS 186 term-end exam carries 50 marks over 2 hours: 8 questions of 10 marks each, split into two sections, and you answer any 5 in about 300 words each, picking at least 2 from each section.
This format has stayed the same in every paper from June 2022 to December 2025. The official December 2025 BPAS 186 question paper shows it clearly. Papers from June 2025 onwards also print BAPAH alongside BAG on the cover.
There are no short notes and no 20-mark essays in this paper. That changes how you should prepare. Depth on eight to nine topics matters more than a light touch on every unit, because each answer you write is worth exactly one fifth of the paper.
The split between the two sections follows a loose pattern. Section I usually leans on stress concepts, models and workplace causes. Section II usually leans on effects of stress, time-wasters, prevention and time management for happiness. Our file tags each question with the section it tends to land in, so you can make sure you have at least two strong answers ready for each half.
5. BPAS 186 Block and Unit Index with Key Topics
BPAS 186 has 3 blocks and 10 units, and the 13 guess paper questions map to all 10 of them.
The block names and unit numbers below follow the course listing on eGyanKosh, IGNOU's official repository. The key topics column shows what the exam actually pulls from each unit, which is often narrower than the unit itself.
| Block | Unit | Unit title | Topics the exam pulls | File Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Block 1: Understanding Stress and Time Management | 1 | Understanding Stress | Cox's 'stringere' origin, eustress and distress, frustration and conflict of motives | Q1, Q2 |
| Block 1: Understanding Stress and Time Management | 2 | Understanding Time Management | Rowan's operating-software analogy, significance of TM, manager's monitoring role | Q9, Q10, Q11 |
| Block 2: Stress and Poor Time Management | 3 | Models of Stress | Alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages; person-environment fit; diathesis-stress | Q3 |
| Block 2: Stress and Poor Time Management | 4 | Workplace Stress: Major Causes | Role ambiguity, evaluation apprehension, workaholism, auditory distractions | Q4, Q5 |
| Block 2: Stress and Poor Time Management | 5 | Poor Time Management: Impact on Performance | Haphazard to-do lists, first-come-first-done trap, smart work over hard work | Q7 |
| Block 2: Stress and Poor Time Management | 6 | Stress and Health: Impact on Health, Performance and Relationships | Allostatic load, peptic ulcer, urticaria, U-shaped stress-performance curve | Q8 |
| Block 3: Towards Stress and Time Management | 7 | Time-wasters and Time-savers | Red-tapism, archaic MIS, untimely visitors, modes of saving time | Q6 |
| Block 3: Towards Stress and Time Management | 8 | Stress Management: Approaches and Techniques | Learned optimism, role negotiation, Employee Assistance Programmes | Q12 |
| Block 3: Towards Stress and Time Management | 9 | Time Management: Approaches and Techniques | SMART goals, 80/20 principle, efficiency versus TM approach, Parkinson's Law | Q10 |
| Block 3: Towards Stress and Time Management | 10 | Stress and Time Management: Towards Happiness and Success | Rainbow life with seven dimensions, pranayam, habit of happiness | Q13 |
If you want to read a unit in full after revising our answer, the BPAS 186 Study Material page collects the unit-wise block books in one place. Most learners only need to open Units 3, 7 and 8 again, because those three feed the highest number of repeat questions.
6. How the IGNOU BPAS 186 Important Questions Were Chosen
We listed every question from the six BPAS 186 papers between June 2023 and December 2025, grouped them by topic, and counted how often each topic returned.
The standout finding: preventive stress management has shown up in all six papers, sometimes for individuals and sometimes for organisations. That is why file question 12 covers both sides in one answer. Time-wasters and the role of the manager each appeared in three of the six.
| Topic | Sessions where it was asked | Count | File Q |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preventive stress management (individuals or organisations) | Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Dec 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 6 | Q12 |
| Nature and concept of stress | Jun 2023, Jun 2024, Dec 2024, Dec 2025 | 4 | Q1 |
| Sources or causes of stress | Dec 2023, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 3 | Q2 |
| Effects of stress on physical health | Jun 2023, Dec 2023, Dec 2024 | 3 | Q8 |
| Personal and official time-wasters | Dec 2023, Dec 2024, Dec 2025 | 3 | Q6 |
| Techniques of time management | Dec 2023, Jun 2024, Dec 2024 | 3 | Q10 |
| Role of administrator or manager in TM | Jun 2024, Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 3 | Q11 |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye) | Dec 2023, Dec 2024 | 2 | Q3 |
| Models of stress | Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 2 | Q3 |
| Effects of stress on job performance | Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 2 | Q8 |
| Distractions at the workplace | Jun 2023, Dec 2025 | 2 | Q5 |
| Work orientation and prioritisation | Jun 2024, Jun 2025 | 2 | Q7 |
| Meaning and significance of TM | Dec 2023, Dec 2024 | 2 | Q9 |
| TM for happiness and success | Jun 2025, Dec 2025 | 2 | Q13 |
| Sources of workplace stress | Jun 2024 | 1 | Q4 |
Most topics that appeared only once, like procrastination, burnout stages and the efficiency versus time management approach, were left out as full questions. Sources of workplace stress stayed in because it was also asked in June 2022 and sits in the current assignment. The 80/20 principle is folded into file question 10.
You can check any of these sessions yourself. Our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper library has the original BPAS 186 papers, and reading two of them next to this table is the quickest way to see why these 13 questions made the cut.
7. BPAS 186 Assignment Index in Place of a Practical File
BPAS 186 has no practical file or lab component; the 30 percent internal weightage comes from two Tutor Marked Assignments worth 100 marks in total.
Many learners ask us for a BPAS 186 practical file, so here is the clear answer: IGNOU does not set one for this course. What you submit instead is the assignment booklet. The index below is from the official 2025-26 BPAS 186 assignment, for learners enrolled in July 2025 and January 2026.
| No. | Assignment question | Marks and words | Closest file answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Discuss the nature, concept and significance of stress | 20 marks, 500 words | Q1 (Sample 1) |
| 2 | What are the major distractions at the workplace? | 20 marks, 500 words | Q5 |
| 3 | Describe the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) in stress management | 10 marks, 250 words | Q3 (Sample 2) |
| 4 | Explain the skills of time management | 10 marks, 250 words | Q10 |
| 5 | Examine the primary preventive stress management techniques for organisation | 10 marks, 250 words | Q12 (Sample 5) |
| 6 | Relevance of fight or flight model in a threatful situation | 6 marks, 100 words | Q3 |
| 7 | Short note on sources of workplace stress | 6 marks, 100 words | Q4 |
| 8 | Explain Parkinson's Law | 6 marks, 100 words | Not covered in file |
| 9 | Discuss the 80/20 principle | 6 marks, 100 words | Q10 |
| 10 | Efficiency approach versus time management approach | 6 marks, 100 words | Not covered in file |
Eight of the ten assignment questions overlap with answers in the guess paper, so revising for the exam and writing your assignment can happen side by side. Just remember that IGNOU wants assignments in your own words, so use our answers as a map, not a copy. Submission for the January 2026 batch closes on 31 October 2026 at your study centre.
8. 10-Day Revision Plan for BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management
Ten days is enough to prepare 8 to 9 strong answers, which gives you a safe margin over the 5 you need to write.
The plan starts with the topics that repeat most and leaves the lighter ones for the middle, when your energy usually dips. Two days at the end go to timed writing, because the most common reason learners lose marks in this paper is running out of time on the fifth answer.
| Day | Answers to learn | What to focus on |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Q12 | Learn the three-stage table first; it works for individual and organisational versions |
| 2 | Q1, Q2 | Memorise Cox's Latin origin and the three types; list the four symptom groups |
| 3 | Q3 | Draw the three GAS stages as a curve; name all seven models in order |
| 4 | Q6 | Make a 2 by 2 grid of personal/official and controllable/uncontrollable wasters |
| 5 | Q11, Q9 | Link the manager's eight duties to the meaning of time management by Rowan and Scott |
| 6 | Q8 | Pair each illness with its stress link; learn Jamal's four stress-performance relations |
| 7 | Q10, Q13 | Spell out SMART; recall the seven rainbow dimensions with one example each |
| 8 | Q4, Q5, Q7 | Keep these as backup; one line per point is enough at this stage |
| 9 | Any 3 HIGH answers | Write them in 36 minutes each by hand, without looking |
| 10 | Last two papers | Attempt a full paper in 2 hours, then fix the weakest answer |
On Day 9 and Day 10, time yourself strictly. Five answers in 120 minutes leaves 24 minutes per answer, so a 36-minute practice run on Day 9 is only a warm-up. By Day 10 you should be close to the real pace.
9. Who Should Buy the IGNOU BPAS 186 Guess Paper
This file is for any IGNOU learner who has BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management on their exam form, whatever the programme.
BPAS 186 is a skill enhancement course, so it shows up in several programmes. The question paper itself lists Bachelor of Arts (General) (BAG) and B.A. (Honours) Public Administration (BAPAH), and the same course is also offered to Bachelor of Science (General) (BSCG) and BA in Gender Studies (BAGS) learners. Students under the four-year FYUP structure who picked it as a skill course sit the same paper.
It is especially useful for three kinds of learners: working adults with little time to read 10 units, students who picked this course as an easy-looking skill paper and then found it heavy on scholars and years, and anyone who failed or skipped it in an earlier session and wants to clear it this time.
If you are in the gender studies programme and preparing other papers too, our BAGS guess paper list shows what else is ready for your programme, so you can plan all your subjects from one place.
10. How to Order the Full BPAS 186 Guess Paper on WhatsApp
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 with the course code BPAS 186, and our team will share payment details and then send the full 15-page PDF.
- Message us: write "IGNOU BPAS 186 Solved Guess Paper" on WhatsApp 9899436384.
- Confirm the details: we share the price and payment options for your course.
- Receive the PDF: after payment, the complete file with all 13 answers comes on the same chat.
- Ask doubts: if a point in any answer is unclear, message the same number and we will explain it.
Science learners who have taken BPAS 186 along with other skill papers often order two or three titles together. Our BSCG guess paper page lists the other courses from the Bachelor of Science (General) programme that already have a solved file ready.
11. BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management FAQs
Quick answers to the questions BPAS 186 learners ask us most on WhatsApp.
What is inside the IGNOU BPAS 186 guess paper for 2026?
It is a 15-page PDF with 13 ten-mark questions from all three blocks of BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management, each with a full answer taken from the IGNOU textbook. Every question shows its priority, block and the sessions where it last appeared. The file also has an exam-rules page and a frequency grid of 25 topics across six papers from June 2023 to December 2025.
Is the BPAS 186 guess paper enough to pass Stress and Time Management?
For most learners, yes, if you actually learn the answers. You need to write 5 of 8 questions, and the file gives you 13 prepared answers across both exam sections, so you have a comfortable margin. Nothing can guarantee the exact questions, so read the three HIGH-priority units once more and add your own example to each answer to reach 300 words.
How many questions come in the BPAS 186 term-end exam?
The BPAS 186 paper has 8 questions of 10 marks each, split into Section I and Section II. You answer any 5 in about 300 words each, taking at least 2 from each section, for a total of 50 marks in 2 hours. There are no short notes or 20-mark questions, so every answer carries the same weight in your final score.
Which programmes study BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management?
BPAS 186 is a skill enhancement course. The question paper lists Bachelor of Arts (General) (BAG) and B.A. (Honours) Public Administration (BAPAH), and the course is also studied by Bachelor of Science (General) (BSCG) and BA in Gender Studies (BAGS) learners. Students on the four-year FYUP route who choose it as a skill course write the same paper, so this guess paper works for all of them.
Does BPAS 186 Stress and Time Management have a practical file?
No. BPAS 186 is a theory course with no practical or lab component. Its 30 percent internal weightage comes from two Tutor Marked Assignments worth 100 marks in total, and the remaining 70 percent comes from the term-end exam. Eight of the ten 2025-26 assignment questions overlap with answers in our guess paper, which makes it useful for assignment work too.
How were the BPAS 186 important questions selected?
We read six BPAS 186 term-end papers from June 2023 to December 2025, grouped every question by topic, and counted how often each topic came back. Repeat topics became full questions, while most one-time topics such as burnout stages or procrastination were folded into larger answers. Preventive stress management, asked in all six papers, got the most detailed treatment.
How do I get the full BPAS 186 guess paper with all answers?
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 saying you want the BPAS 186 guess paper. Our team replies with the price and payment options, and once payment is done, the complete 15-page PDF with all 13 answers comes on the same chat. You can also message that number later if any point in an answer needs more explanation before your exam.
How long should each BPAS 186 answer be in the exam?
IGNOU asks for about 300 words per answer in BPAS 186, and every question carries 10 marks. Our file keeps answers near 250 words so they are quick to revise. In the exam, add one practical example of your own, like a clash between office and family duties, and you will reach the 300-word mark without padding the answer.
12. Who Wrote and Reviewed the BPAS 186 Answers
The BPAS 186 answers were written by Prateek Talwar and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola of Unnati Educations, Vikaspuri, Delhi, working only from the IGNOU BPAS 186 textbook.
Prateek Talwar prepared the question selection and wrote the answers after going through the six papers listed in the frequency table. You can find him on LinkedIn and Instagram.
Sheetal Kirola reviewed every answer against the book, checking that each scholar, year and count matches the IGNOU text. She is on LinkedIn, Instagram and Facebook.