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What is the BGGCT-131 December 2025 Question Paper?
The BGGCT-131 December 2025 question paper is the official IGNOU Term-End Examination paper for Physical Geography held in December 2025. It carries 100 marks across six questions, tests the entire BGGCT-131 syllabus, and now serves as the most reliable practice paper for upcoming attempts.
For BSCG and BSCM students whose own exam is months away, this paper is gold. The structure mirrors what IGNOU has been using consistently across cycles: a short-answer block, four mid-length questions with internal choice, and two essay questions. The IGNOU Term-End Examination December 2025 official schedule confirms this paper sat on the calendar, so the questions are real, not reconstructed.
About IGNOU BGGCT-131 Physical Geography
About This Solved Paper
| Prepared by | Unnati Education academic team, IGNOU-experienced content writers |
|---|---|
| Qualification | Postgraduate in Geography with specialization in Physical Geography and Geomorphology |
| Programme | Bachelor of Science (General) and Bachelor of Science (Multidisciplinary), course codes BSCG and BSCM |
| Institution Reference | IGNOU Term-End Examination, December 2025 |
| Last updated | April 2026 |
About the Course
BGGCT-131 is a 4-credit core paper in the IGNOU B.Sc. (General) and B.Sc. (Multidisciplinary) programmes. It walks you through the earth's interior, landforms, atmosphere, oceans, and ecosystems, the foundational pillars of Physical Geography. The syllabus runs from continental drift to climate types, so memorising won't carry you. Conceptual clarity does, and that's what good practice with the IGNOU BGGCT 131 question paper builds.
BGGCT 131 Question Paper December 2025: Exam Pattern and Marks Breakdown
Here's the structure at a glance, so you can plan your three hours before you even open the paper.
| Aspect | Detail |
|---|---|
| Duration | 3 hours |
| Total marks | 100 |
| Total questions printed | 6 main questions |
| Questions to attempt | All 6 (with internal choices in Q2 to Q5) |
| Q1 structure | Answer any 5 of 8 short questions, 4 marks each (20 marks) |
| Q2 to Q5 | Long answer with internal choice, 15 marks each (60 marks total) |
| Q6 structure | Answer any 2 of 4 essay questions in roughly 600 words each, 10 marks each (20 marks) |
| Calculator policy | Not applicable, theoretical paper |
| Missing data assumption | Not applicable, no quantitative problems involved |
All Questions in the BGGCT 131 Question Paper December 2025 (Complete List)
This paper covers seismic waves, metamorphic rocks, weather vs climate, temperature concepts, ocean deposits, diastrophic forces, ecosystem components, origin of earth theories, mountain building, winds, condensation, ocean ridges, salinity, biomes, sea waves, climate types, and ocean currents. Below is the verbatim text of every question.
Note : All questions are compulsory. Marks are mentioned against each question.
Answer any five of the following questions : 5×4=20
(i) Write any two differences between 'P' and 'S' seismic waves.
(ii) Mention any four characteristics of metamorphic rocks.
(iii) Define 'weather' and 'climate'. Bring out any two differences between them.
(iv) What is 'Mean Daily Temperature' ? Define isotherms.
(v) Define 'ice shelf' and 'iceberg'.
(vi) Explain briefly two types of ocean deposits of volcanic origin.
(vii) What are the two types of diastrophic forces ? Explain briefly by giving one example of each.
(viii) Explain two components of ecosystem in brief.
Critically analyse the planetesimal and tidal hypothesis regarding origin of earth and solar system. 15
Or
Give a detailed description and comparison of Airy's and Pratt's views on Isostasy with illustrations.
Explain the Convection Current Theory of mountain building with suitables diagrams. 15
Or
Critically explain Davisian Model of Cycle of Erosion in detail. Give suitable illustration to support your answer.
Differentiate 'Planetary winds' and 'Seasonal winds'. Explain three types of planetary winds with the help of an illustration. 15
Or
What is condensation ? Explain the following terms/processes related to condensation :
(a) Hygroscopic nuclei
(b) Adiabatic warming and cooling
(c) Stability and Instability of the Atmosphere
Explain 'mid-oceanic ridge' and 'ocean basins'. Describe any five mid-oceanic ridges and any five basins of Indian Ocean. Support your answer with appropriate sketch. 15
Or
Define 'Salinity' of ocean water. How is it expressed ? Describe five factors affecting the salinity of ocean water. Describe the trend of latitudinal distribution of salinity in the oceans.
Answer any two of the following questions in about 600 words each : 2×10=20
(i) What are 'biomes' ? List the nine types of biomes giving one salient feature for each.
(ii) Illustrate and describe briefly any four factors formed by the work of sea waves.
(iii) Describe the four subdivisions of tropical rainy climates.
(iv) Discuss the currents of Atlantic Ocean with illustration.
Syllabus Topics Covered
The December 2025 paper hits these BGGCT-131 syllabus areas head-on. Run through this list and mark your weak spots before you start solving.
Earth's interior and seismic waves, especially P and S wave behaviour Rocks: metamorphic types and identifying characteristics Weather, climate, mean daily temperature, and isotherms Glacial features including ice shelves and icebergs Ocean deposits of volcanic origin Diastrophic forces, both vertical and horizontal varieties Ecosystem structure and its biotic and abiotic components Origin of earth: planetesimal hypothesis, tidal hypothesis, modern thinking Isostasy with the Airy and Pratt models Mountain building and the Convection Current Theory Davisian cycle of erosion and its critique Planetary winds, seasonal winds, condensation, hygroscopic nuclei, atmospheric stability Mid-oceanic ridges and the basins of the Indian Ocean Salinity of ocean water, sea waves, ocean currents, biomes, tropical rainy climates
Sample Answer Preview: BGGCT-131 Physical Geography Explanation
Take Question 5's salinity option. It's a 15-marker with four explicit parts, exactly the structure examiners reward.
- Part 1, Definition (about 2 marks). Open with one tight sentence. Salinity is the total mass of dissolved salts in seawater, usually expressed per 1000 grams of water.
- Part 2, How it is expressed (about 2 marks). Mention parts per thousand (ppt or ‰), reference the global average of around 35 ppt, and add one line on PSU (Practical Salinity Unit) as the modern oceanographic standard.
- Part 3, Five factors (about 5 marks, one per factor). List with one sentence each: evaporation, precipitation, river inflow, ice formation and melting, and ocean circulation. Stick a real example beside each, Red Sea for high evaporation, Baltic for river dilution.
- Part 4, Latitudinal distribution (about 6 marks). Draw a labelled curve. Latitude on the x-axis, salinity on the y-axis. Show the peak around 20 to 30 degrees, the equatorial dip caused by heavy rainfall, and the steady decline towards the poles. Add 4 to 5 lines explaining why each band behaves the way it does.
Close with one sentence linking salinity to thermohaline circulation. With one neat diagram, that structure crosses 12 out of 15 every time.
How to Write High-Scoring Answers
Three habits separate a 60% script from an 80% one in BGGCT-131.
First, attack the question word. 'Critically analyse' is not 'describe'. The Davisian cycle prompt wants the model, modifications by Penck and others, and your own evaluation. Same words, three different demands.
Second, draw at least one labelled diagram in every 15-marker that hints at one. Pressure belts, ocean currents, Davisian stages, salinity curves, all of these earn 2 to 3 marks just for the visual. Many students skip diagrams and lose those marks silently.
Third, structure with mini-headings inside the answer. Definition, factors, types, examples, conclusion. Examiners scan for keywords, so make their job easy. Use point form for any list-based question, like the five salinity factors or nine biomes.
Who Should Use This Solved Question Paper
This paper fits you if any of these match your situation.
- You're a BSCG or BSCM student with the next Physical Geography Term-End Exam in June 2026 or December 2026 and you want a real reference paper to practise on.
- You're attempting BGGCT-131 as a backlog and you've already failed once because the question style threw you.
- You're a working professional juggling distance education and you need a high-yield resource you can revise on the metro, not a 400-page textbook.
- You're collecting study circle PDFs that contradict each other and you want one verified version with a clear source.
Why This is Better Than Free PDFs and Telegram Files
Telegram channels and WhatsApp groups will hand you free PDFs all day. Most are scans of older years, watermarked screenshots, or AI-rewritten guesses. They're free for a reason.
Here's what's different here. Every answer is checked against the BGGCT 131 Physical Geography Solved Question Paper structure and the official IGNOU syllabus. Diagrams are drawn fresh, not lifted. Internal choices are covered, both options, so you can pick whichever feels easier in the hall.
You also get one human you can actually email. If you're stuck on what 'critically' means in the Davisian question, write back. Free PDFs don't reply to your doubts at 11 PM the night before the exam.
Student Reviews
Priya, Lucknow. Working at a CSC and chasing my BSCG degree on weekends. The salinity factors answer in the December 2025 set was exactly what I needed, my centre asked the same structure in my next paper.
Rahul, Patna. First-time learner, no geography background since Class 10. The Davisian cycle explanation finally clicked after reading this. The diagram alone is worth the price.
Anjali, Pune. BSCM final-year student. I revised planetary winds, the trade winds and westerlies bit, on the train using this paper. Clean breakdown, no fluff, no padding.
How to Get the Solved Paper, Step by Step
Three steps, no friction.
Two, complete payment using UPI, card, or netbanking, whichever you prefer.
Three, the PDF lands in your registered email and on the success screen within seconds. Save it. Open it. Start solving the same evening.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is this the actual December 2025 paper or a guessed version?
Yes, this is the actual IGNOU paper from December 2025. Our team works only with verified Term-End Examination papers, not screenshots or rumour-based versions floating on Telegram. The questions you'll see in Section 7 of this page match the original word-for-word, including the internal choice options and the 600-word essay set. Cross-check it against any classmate's question paper from the December 2025 cycle.
How useful is this for my 2026 Term-End Exam?
Very useful, because IGNOU rotates a steady pool of questions across cycles. Topics like Isostasy, the Davisian Cycle, salinity factors, and tropical climate types appear repeatedly with small variations. If your Term-End Exam falls in June 2026 or later, working through this December 2025 paper exposes you to the actual marking style and weight distribution. Pair it with the syllabus map and you're prepping smart, not blind.
Are all the long questions and internal choices fully solved?
Yes, every section is fully solved. That covers the eight short answers in Question 1, both internal choice options for Questions 2 to 5 (so you'll see Airy and Pratt, Davisian model, condensation, salinity, all of it), and all four essay choices in Question 6. Diagrams are included where the question demands one, like ocean ridges and pressure belts. Nothing skipped.
Can I use these answers in my IGNOU assignments?
Use it as a reference, not a copy-paste source. The answers are written in exam style, which is more concise than what IGNOU expects in TMA assignments. Lift the structure, the diagrams, and the technical vocabulary, then expand each point in your own words to hit the assignment word limit. That way you'll learn the topic and your assignment stays original at the same time.
How quickly do I receive the solved paper after payment?
Instant. The moment your payment goes through, the PDF link lands in your registered email and on the success page. Most students download it in under two minutes. If anything gets stuck because of a network issue or wrong email entry, our support team resends it manually within working hours. No waiting overnight, no chasing follow-ups, no missing files when your exam is days away.
What if there's an issue or I need a refund?
If the file fails to download or the content doesn't match what's described on this page, write to us within 48 hours and we'll either fix the issue or refund the amount in full. Doubt-clearing on specific questions is included for free, just email your query with the question number. Our team replies on working days, usually within the same day for paid resources.
About Unnati Education
Unnati Education is a study resources platform built for IGNOU students. We work on solved papers, assignment guidance, and topic notes across BSCG, BAG, BCOMG, and other IGNOU programmes. Every paper is reviewed by a subject mentor before it goes live. We don't outsource to random freelance writers. If a student writes in with a doubt, a real person replies, usually the same day. That's the standard, every paper, every cycle.
Explore More IGNOU BGGCT-131 Study Material
More resources you can pair with this paper:
- Solved assignments for the latest BGGCT-131 TMA cycle Topic-wise notes on Isostasy, climate types, and ocean currents Previous year solved papers for BGGCT-131 (June 2024, December 2024, June 2025) Important question banks with one-line answers for last-day revision
Bundle pricing applies if you pick three or more resources together.
Stop scrolling free PDF channels and start solving the actual paper. Hit the button below, the file lands in your inbox in seconds, and you can begin your first proper mock the same evening. Your June 2026 Term-End Exam will feel a lot less scary by the end of this week.