BPAC 108 key facts
- Course code: BPAC 108 (printed BPAC-108 on IGNOU papers)
- Course title: Public Policy and Administration in India
- Programme: IGNOU BAPAH (Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Public Administration); BAFPA assignment booklet issued January 2026
- Course type and credits: Core course, 6 credits
- Blocks and units: 5 blocks, 14 units (eGyanKosh)
- Maximum marks: 100 (term-end exam, 70% weightage; three assignments, 30%)
- Duration: 3 hours
- Questions in the June 2026 paper: 8 (4 in Section I, 4 in Section II); attempt 5, at least 2 from each section
- Sample answers on this page: 2 (Questions 1 and 2)
- Questions in the paid file: All 8, including the 6 not answered on this page and both short notes in Q4 and Q8
What the BPAC 108 Solved Question Paper June 2026 includes
BPAC 108 Solved Question Paper June 2026 is our fully answered copy of the IGNOU term-end paper for BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India, a six-credit core course of the BAPAH programme.
This paper rewards students who can tie theory to Indian practice. In three hours you answer five of eight questions, at least two from each section, in about 400 words each. A policy-stages answer needs named Indian cases, and a welfare answer needs real laws and missions, not general talk about development.
Section I of the June 2026 paper stayed with Blocks 1 to 3: why public policy matters, the stages of the policy process, how budget proposals are enacted, and notes on municipal challenges and zero-based budgeting. Section II moved to Blocks 4 and 5: citizens' charters, approaches to social welfare, environmental protection, the National Health Mission and MGNREGA.
IGNOU publishes the complete course text, written mainly by R. K. Sapru, in five blocks on the eGyanKosh BPAC-108 course page, and every answer in our file is checked against those units.
BPAC 108 sample answers on public policy and the policy process
Questions 1 and 2 from Section I are answered in full below; the other 6 questions of the June 2026 paper are listed exactly as printed and are solved only in the full file.
Section I Question 1 20 marks
Question 1 (20 marks)
1. ‘Public policy is an important area of government activity.’ Elaborate.
Answer
Public policy is the course of action a government adopts to deal with a public problem. Thomas Dye described it as whatever governments choose to do or not to do, while David Easton called it the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society. Both definitions show why policy sits at the centre of government activity: almost everything a modern state does reaches citizens through some policy.
Nature of public policy. Policy is goal-oriented, because it aims at defined outcomes such as higher literacy or lower infant mortality. It flows from government authority, so it binds citizens in a way private decisions cannot. It may be positive, meaning action, or negative, meaning deliberate inaction. It is also continuous, since policies are revised as problems and circumstances change.
1. It turns constitutional goals into action. In India the Directive Principles in Part IV of the Constitution, such as Article 38 on a social order based on justice, are realised mainly through policies and the laws that carry them. Without policy, these principles would remain statements of intent.
2. It decides how public resources are used. Every allocation in the Union Budget reflects a policy choice about priorities, whether that is roads, schools, subsidies or defence. Policy is therefore the link between the goals of government and the money it spends.
3. It shapes the daily life of citizens. The National Food Security Act, 2013 covers up to 75 per cent of the rural and 50 per cent of the urban population for subsidised food grains. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 guarantees 100 days of wage work to rural households, and the National Education Policy, 2020 is reshaping schools and colleges.
4. It regulates conduct and redistributes resources. Theodore Lowi's well-known typology captures this range. Distributive policies hand out benefits, regulatory policies control behaviour such as pollution or trade practices, and redistributive policies move resources between groups, for example through progressive taxation or reservation.
5. It creates accountability. Once a policy is announced, Parliament, courts, the media and citizens can measure the government's performance against its stated goals. Policy also gives governments a way to respond to new problems such as digital governance, climate change and public health emergencies.
Conclusion. Public policy is not a side activity of government but its main working instrument. It links the values of the Constitution, the resources of the budget and the needs of citizens, which is why the quality of governance in India depends so heavily on how well policies are designed, implemented and evaluated.
Section I Question 2 20 marks
Question 2 (20 marks)
2. Write a note on the stages in policy process.
Answer
The policy process is the series of stages through which a public problem becomes a government decision and then a programme on the ground. Scholars such as James Anderson present it as a cycle, because the results of one policy feed back into the next round of decisions. The stages overlap in practice, but separating them shows clearly who does what at each point.
1. Problem identification and agenda setting. A condition becomes a policy problem only when it is noticed and defined as something the government should act on. The media, pressure groups, political parties, courts and public movements push issues onto the agenda. The anti-corruption movement of 2011, for example, pushed the demand for a Lokpal to the top of the national agenda.
2. Policy formulation. Ministries, expert committees, think tanks and officials develop alternative courses of action and weigh their costs and benefits. The National Education Policy, 2020 grew out of a 2019 draft prepared by a committee chaired by K. Kasturirangan, which was opened to public comment before the final text was settled.
3. Policy adoption or legitimation. One alternative is formally approved by an authority with the power to decide, such as the Union Cabinet or Parliament. Adoption gives the policy legal or political force. The passing of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 by Parliament and the Union Cabinet's approval of NEP 2020 in July 2020 are examples of this stage.
4. Policy implementation. The adopted policy is put into action by ministries, departments, state governments and local bodies. Rules are framed, funds released and staff deployed. Many policies succeed or fail here, because of weak coordination between levels of government, shortage of funds or poor capacity in the field.
5. Policy evaluation. Results are assessed to see whether the policy achieved its goals and at what cost. In India this role is played by the Comptroller and Auditor General, parliamentary committees and NITI Aayog's Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office, besides independent researchers and social audits such as those held under MGNREGA.
6. Feedback, change or termination. Evaluation findings lead to the policy being continued, revised or ended. This feedback loop is the reason the process is called a cycle rather than a straight line.
Conclusion. The stages model simplifies a complex political process, and critics point out that real policy making is often untidy and incremental. Even so, it remains the most useful framework for studying how public policy is made and carried out in India.
Questions answered only in the full file
These 6 questions appear below exactly as printed in the June 2026 paper. Their answers, including both short notes in Questions 4 and 8, are not shown on this page.
- Question 3 (Section I, 20 marks): Describe the process of enactment of budgetary proposals.
- Question 4 (Section I, 10+10 marks): Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : (a) Challenges to functioning of municipalities. (b) Zero-based budgeting
- Question 5 (Section II, 20 marks): Discuss the principles and components of citizens’ charter.
- Question 6 (Section II, 20 marks): Describe the approaches to social welfare.
- Question 7 (Section II, 20 marks): Examine the policy and legislative framework of environmental protection.
- Question 8 (Section II, 10+10 marks): Write short notes on the following in about 200 words each : (a) Major initiatives of National Health Mission (b) Significance and salient features of MGNREGA
BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India unit by unit syllabus
BPAC 108 is taught in 5 blocks and 14 units on eGyanKosh, and Block 5 alone holds 6 units on welfare, education, health, food, employment and environment policy.
| Block | Unit | Key topics examined |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Public Policy | Unit 1: Definitions, nature, significance and types | Definitions by Dye and Easton; goal-oriented nature of policy; distributive, regulatory and redistributive types |
| 1 Public Policy | Unit 2: Models | Rational and incremental models; elite, institutional and public choice models; systems model of policy analysis |
| 1 Public Policy | Unit 3: Policy process in India | Role of legislature, executive and judiciary; non-governmental influences; conditions for successful implementation |
| 2 Decentralisation | Unit 4: Rural and urban local self-governance | Meaning and significance of decentralisation; 73rd Amendment and Panchayats; 74th Amendment and municipalities |
| 3 Budget | Unit 5: Budget and the budget cycle in India | Significance of the budget; preparation, enactment and execution; accounting and audit in the cycle |
| 3 Budget | Unit 6: Types and approaches | Line-item and performance budgeting; zero-based budgeting; outcome budgeting |
| 4 Citizen and Administration Interface | Unit 7: Service delivery and grievances | Legislation on public service delivery; machinery for redressal of public grievances |
| 4 Citizen and Administration Interface | Unit 8: RTI, Lokpal, Citizen's Charter, e-governance | Right to Information; Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013; citizens' charter and e-governance |
| 5 Social Welfare Administration | Unit 9: Social welfare | Concept and approaches to social welfare; policies for scheduled castes and tribes; child welfare programmes |
| 5 Social Welfare Administration | Unit 10: Education policy and RTE | National Education Policy, 2020; Right to Education; problems of education policy |
| 5 Social Welfare Administration | Unit 11: Health policy and NHM | National Health Policy, 2017; National Health Mission |
| 5 Social Welfare Administration | Unit 12: Food policy and food security | National Food Policy priorities; National Food Security Act, 2013 |
| 5 Social Welfare Administration | Unit 13: Employment policy (MGNREGA) | Employment policy initiatives; activities covered under MGNREGA |
| 5 Social Welfare Administration | Unit 14: Environment policy | National Environment Policy, 2006; challenges of growth and urbanisation for the environment |
Unit titles follow the eGyanKosh listing. The topics in the third column come from the unit text and from official BPAC 108 papers and assignments, so each row shows what IGNOU actually asks from that unit.
If you want unit-wise notes for the whole course rather than exam answers, ask for our BPAC 108 Study Material on the same WhatsApp number.
BPAC 108 exam pattern and marks for June 2026
The BPAC 108 Question Paper carries 100 marks in three hours: you answer five questions of 20 marks each, with at least two from each section.
| Section | Questions | Marks | Length | June 2026 focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Section I | Q1 to Q3 (long answers) | 20 each | About 400 words | Policy significance, policy stages, budget enactment |
| Section I | Q4 (two compulsory notes) | 10 + 10 | About 200 words per note | Municipal challenges and zero-based budgeting |
| Section II | Q5 to Q7 (long answers) | 20 each | About 400 words | Citizens' charter, social welfare, environmental protection |
| Section II | Q8 (two compulsory notes) | 10 + 10 | About 200 words per note | National Health Mission and MGNREGA |
| Total | Attempt 5 of 8 | 100 | About 2,000 words | At least 2 questions from each section |
Unlike some IGNOU papers, the short-note questions here give you no choice inside them. If you pick Question 4 or Question 8, you must write both notes, so prepare both halves before you count on that question.
The IGNOU BPAC 108 Question Paper has kept this pattern since June 2022, apart from the word limit for notes, which was 250 words in June and December 2022. You can compare older sessions on our IGNOU Previous Year Question Paper page.
BPAC 108 topics IGNOU repeats most often
Policy models appeared in all eight official BPAC 108 papers from June 2022 to December 2025, and the nature or types of public policy appeared in seven.
| Topic | Unit | Sessions where it appeared | Count |
|---|---|---|---|
| Policy models (rational, public choice, elite, institutional, systems) | Unit 2 | Jun 2022 Q4(b), Dec 2022 Q4(b), Jun 2023 Q1, Dec 2023 Q4(a), Jun 2024 Q4(a), Dec 2024 Q4(b), Jun 2025 Q2, Dec 2025 Q2 | 8 of 8 |
| Nature, types or significance of public policy | Unit 1 | Jun 2022 Q4(a), Dec 2022 Q4(a), Jun 2023 Q4(a), Dec 2023 Q1, Dec 2024 Q4(a), Jun 2025 Q1, Dec 2025 Q1 | 7 of 8 |
| Education policy (NEP 2020, Right to Education) | Unit 10 | Dec 2022 Q6, Jun 2023 Q6, Dec 2023 Q8(a), Jun 2024 Q8(b), Dec 2024 Q6, Jun 2025 Q7, Dec 2025 Q6 | 7 of 8 |
| Budget types, zero-based budgeting, budget institutions | Units 5 and 6 | Jun 2022 Q3, Dec 2022 Q3, Jun 2023 Q3, Dec 2023 Q4(b), Jun 2024 Q4(b), Dec 2024 Q3 | 6 of 8 |
| Health policy (NHP 2017, National Health Mission) | Unit 11 | Jun 2022 Q7, Dec 2022 Q8(a), Jun 2023 Q7, Dec 2024 Q7, Jun 2025 Q8, Dec 2025 Q7 | 6 of 8 |
| Environment policy and its challenges | Unit 14 | Jun 2022 Q8(a), Dec 2022 Q7, Jun 2023 Q8(b), Dec 2023 Q7, Dec 2024 Q8(b), Dec 2025 Q8 | 6 of 8 |
| Social welfare: concept, approaches, SC/ST and child welfare | Unit 9 | Jun 2022 Q6, Dec 2023 Q5, Dec 2024 Q5, Jun 2025 Q6, Dec 2025 Q5 | 5 of 8 |
| Employment policy and MGNREGA | Unit 13 | Jun 2022 Q8(b), Dec 2022 Q8(b), Jun 2023 Q8(a), Jun 2024 Q7, Dec 2024 Q8(a) | 5 of 8 |
| Stages of the policy process or cycle | Unit 3 | Jun 2022 Q1, Jun 2023 Q2, Dec 2024 Q1, Jun 2025 Q3 | 4 of 8 |
| Policy formulation, implementation and institutions | Unit 3 | Dec 2022 Q1, Dec 2023 Q2, Jun 2024 Q1, Dec 2025 Q3 | 4 of 8 |
| Municipalities and the 74th Amendment | Unit 4 | Dec 2022 Q2, Dec 2023 Q3, Jun 2024 Q2, Dec 2025 Q4 | 4 of 8 |
| Panchayats and the 73rd Amendment | Unit 4 | Jun 2022 Q2, Dec 2024 Q2, Jun 2025 Q4 | 3 of 8 |
| E-governance | Unit 8 | Dec 2022 Q5, Dec 2023 Q8(b), Jun 2024 Q5 | 3 of 8 |
| Citizens' charter, grievances and service delivery | Units 7 and 8 | Jun 2023 Q4(b) and Q5, Jun 2024 Q3 and Q8(a) | 2 of 8 |
| Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 | Unit 8 | Jun 2022 Q5, Jun 2025 Q5 | 2 of 8 |
| Food policy and the National Food Security Act | Unit 12 | Dec 2023 Q6, Jun 2024 Q6 | 2 of 8 |
These counts use every term-end paper from June 2022 to December 2025, eight sessions in all, taken from webservices.ignou.ac.in and ignou.ac.in. No session in that range was missing, and the June 2026 paper itself is not counted.
June 2026 followed the trend: the significance of policy, policy stages, municipalities, budgeting, social welfare, environment, NHM and MGNREGA all came back. Policy models and education policy were skipped this time, which makes them strong bets for December 2026. For more practice topics, see our IGNOU Important Questions collection.
How we write and check BPAC 108 policy answers
Every BPAC 108 answer is written by our public administration team to the paper's 400-word and 200-word limits and then checked against the eGyanKosh unit before it goes into the file.
Long answers follow a clear shape: a short definition-led introduction, numbered points with Indian evidence and a conclusion. In the Question 1 sample, that evidence is Article 38, the National Food Security Act, 2013 and Lowi's typology, because examiners reward named facts over general statements.
Dates and names are cross-checked before review, such as the 2019 Kasturirangan draft behind NEP 2020 and the 2013 Lokpal law. Answers are written by Prateek Talwar's team and reviewed by Sheetal Kirola, who checks length, accuracy and plain English.
Because Section II is built on Block 5, those answers are written around the actual laws, missions and policy documents the units discuss, so you can quote a year or a provision instead of padding the page.
BPAC 108 June 2026 solved file index
The full file solves all 8 questions of the June 2026 paper: 2 are on this page and 6 are in the full file only.
| Q. | Question topic | Section | eGyanKosh unit | Where to read it |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Public policy as an important area of government activity | I | Unit 1 | On this page |
| 2 | Stages in the policy process | I | Unit 3 | On this page |
| 3 | Process of enactment of budgetary proposals | I | Unit 5 | Full file only |
| 4 | Short notes: challenges to municipalities; zero-based budgeting (both solved) | I | Units 4 and 6 | Full file only |
| 5 | Principles and components of the citizens' charter | II | Unit 8 | Full file only |
| 6 | Approaches to social welfare | II | Unit 9 | Full file only |
| 7 | Policy and legislative framework of environmental protection | II | Unit 14 | Full file only |
| 8 | Short notes: National Health Mission initiatives; MGNREGA features (both solved) | II | Units 11 and 13 | Full file only |
Questions 4 and 8 each hold two compulsory notes, so the file contains 10 separate answers in total. Students revising several Honours courses can also ask for our BAPAH Question Paper sets.
IGNOU programmes that study BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India
BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India is a six-credit core course of IGNOU's BAPAH programme, and the same term-end paper is set for every stream that offers it.
| Programme | How it lists BPAC 108 |
|---|---|
| BAPAH: Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Public Administration | Six-credit core course; every term-end paper from June 2022 to June 2026 carries the BAPAH header |
| BAFPA (four-year undergraduate stream) | IGNOU released a BPAC-108 assignment booklet headed BAFPA for the January 2026 session |
If you are in the IGNOU Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Public Administration programme, BPAC 108 adds 6 credits through three assignments and one term-end exam, with the exam carrying 70 per cent of the final weightage.
Order the full BPAC 108 Solved Question Paper on WhatsApp
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 with "BPAC 108 June 2026" and you receive the complete solved PDF covering all 8 questions.
The IGNOU BPAC 108 Solved Question Paper file includes the 2 answers you read above and the 6 questions that are not answered here, with both short notes in Questions 4 and 8 solved. Our team shares the price, confirms the session and sends the PDF in the same chat.
Students usually order a week or two before the term-end exam. That leaves time to read each answer twice and write two practice answers by hand within the 400-word limit.
BPAC 108 public policy paper FAQs
Quick answers to the questions BPAC 108 students ask most about this solved paper.
What does the BPAC 108 Solved Question Paper June 2026 contain?
It contains complete answers to all 8 questions of the IGNOU June 2026 term-end paper for BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India. That means six long answers of about 400 words plus both short notes in Questions 4 and 8, so 10 written answers in all. Questions 1 and 2 are open on this page, and the other 6 questions are solved only in the full file.
How do I get the full BPAC 108 solved file on WhatsApp?
Send a WhatsApp message to 9899436384 with the code BPAC 108 and the session June 2026. Our team replies with the price and delivery details, and the PDF arrives in the same chat. The file answers all 8 questions of the paper, which means the 2 shown on this page plus the 6 questions, including all four short notes, that are not answered anywhere here.
How many questions do I attempt in the BPAC 108 exam?
You attempt five of the eight questions in BPAC 108, choosing at least two from each section. Every question carries 20 marks, so the paper totals 100 marks in three hours. Long answers should run to about 400 words, while Questions 4 and 8 each ask for two short notes of about 200 words, worth 10 marks per note.
Which BPAC 108 topics repeat most often in IGNOU papers?
Policy models appeared in all eight official BPAC 108 papers we checked from June 2022 to December 2025, and the nature, types or significance of public policy appeared in seven. Education policy, including NEP 2020 and the Right to Education, also came up in seven. Budgeting, health policy and environment policy each appeared in six of those eight papers.
How many blocks and units does BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India have?
BPAC 108 has five blocks and 14 units on eGyanKosh. Block 1 covers public policy, Block 2 decentralisation, Block 3 the budget, Block 4 the citizen and administration interface, and Block 5 social welfare administration. Block 5 is the largest, with six units on welfare, education, health, food, employment and environment policy, which is why Section II of the paper leans on it.
Which programmes study BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India?
BPAC 108 is a six-credit core course of IGNOU's Bachelor of Arts (Honours) Public Administration, BAPAH, and every term-end paper we checked carries the BAPAH header. IGNOU also issued a January 2026 assignment booklet for BAFPA students. Because the term-end paper is common to every stream that offers the course, this solved file suits all students registered for BPAC 108.
Is BPAC 108 Public Policy and Administration in India a theory paper?
Yes, BPAC 108 is a theory course assessed through a written term-end exam and three tutor marked assignments. As a six-credit core course, its assignments carry 30 per cent weightage and the term-end exam carries 70 per cent. There is no practical record, so our solved file follows the June 2026 question paper only, answering every question in its printed order.
Are the BPAC 108 sample answers written to IGNOU word limits?
Yes. Both BPAC 108 sample answers on this page stay close to the 400-word length the paper asks for, with an introduction, a structured body and a conclusion. The full file follows the same discipline for the 200-word short notes in Questions 4 and 8, so you practise answers that fit the space and time you actually get in the exam hall.